Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Brown

Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† portrays the growth of Young Goodman Brown through vivid symbolic setting. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory in which the setting is very important to the theme of the story. Throughout the narration, detailed setting and emblematic characters surround Goodman Brown. Goodman Brown is an Everyman character, which could be any one of us, struggling with his Puritan heritage, more specifically his spiritual faith. The setting is first introduced during a conversation between Goodman and his wife â€Å"Faith† which is symbolic of his struggle with his spiritual faith throughout the story. Standing in the doorway of his own home he turns to confront his wife, who encourages him to stay at home with her, the first expression in the story of his internal conflict with his â€Å"faith†. Walking away from his wife, he begins to question himself in several ways. Why is he leaving? What is he longing for? Where exactly is he going? â€Å"â€Å"Poor little Faith!† Thought he, for his heart smote him. â€Å"What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errand!†Ã¢â‚¬  (391) Without knowing the exact answer to any of the questions he enters the woods, dark and dreary, which Hawthorne uses to express the sense of evil. To understand the significance of the setting you have to understand the background of the Puritan culture which Hawthorne doesn’t state but expects the reader to know. Puritans live their lives for God. They believe everyone and everything is evil and one must live his life so to not unleash this inborn sin. Throughout the story, Goodman struggles with his own image of faith. Just as any young adult may step back and question their initial upbringing, he too, questions his forefathers. He doesn’t want to become who they were, the common feeling among younger generations. Brown could be any one of us who as we mature begin to discover flaws in our families and acquaintances we knew not existed. Continuing down his path in the woods he runs across a man â€Å"in grave and decent attire†. The word â€Å"grave† suggests the danger and seriousness of the journey. Soon the author persuades us that this man represents the devil in Goodman’s struggle with his beliefs. The man is willing to lead Goodman deep into the forest, or in other words, deep into sin. The man even addresses Brown telling him... ... himself from the generations before; he cannot completely separate himself from his parent’s faith and culture without losing his own identity. Hawthorne displays vivid setting throughout â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† to help him deal with the insecurities concerning not only his character but also his own forefathers and his own faith. The setting in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is critical to understanding the internal struggle for maturation of the main character. From â€Å"Faith† his wife, his journey through the dark and lonely yet demon- populated woods, supernatural happenings, Hawthorne takes his readers on an adventure filled with symbolic setting. To fully appreciate and understand â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† one must recognize with and pull out the expression of allegory Hawthorne uses to fulfill the curiosity in young maturing minds. Goodman Brown could be any of us, struggling with the inconsistencies in our own lives, and the unknown journeys we will venture to take while trying to form our own identities of self and mature into functioning adults in our society. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodmam Brown", The Story and Its Writer, 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston:

Aat Project Based on the Internal Control of Cookridge

1. Terms of Reference 1. 1. The researcher made investigation on the effectiveness of the internal Controls and accounting system of Cookridge Carpets Company. It also has some additional contents such as recommendations that helps the company to improve its strengths and weaknesses to protect the company’s reputation. 1. 2. The researcher also investigated on the stakeholders of the Cookridge Carpets company, both internal and external. The stakeholders play a very important role in helping the company’s growth. 1. 3.The report also investigates that the costs and benefits to Cookridge Carpets and stated that fraud is a major threat of the company. It is also been recommended by the researcher the terms in which this risks should be avoided. 1. 4. Lastly the researcher also investigated that the requirements of the internal Controls and Accounting systems Paper is part of the AAT Level 4 Diploma in Accounting. 2. Executive Summary 2. 1. This report investigates the eff ectiveness of the internal controls of the accounting systems of Cookridge Carpets company.The recommendations are also made to show ways in which the Cookridge Carpets company can improve its system and performance. It is investigated that Cookridge Carpets company uses the centralized accounting system. That is, its accounting system is done in one place. As findings of the use of centralized accounting system were made, it is recommended that the accounts staff of Cookridge Carpets should be trained and be qualified in order to be Competent on their work. Thus improve the performance of the company. 2. 2. The researcher recommends that the Cookridge Carpets company should aximize its security system to reduce the risks of fraud within the company. As well as BACS payments system should be used so that employees and suppliers are paid directly into their own accounts. This will minimize the use of cheques and cash as the way of payment hence improving the company’s payment control system. 2. 3. If there is maximum security within the Cookridge Carpets company, this will boost the staff members morale and improve the credit control, payments to suppliers and lastly reduce the risk of fraud within the company. 3. Methodology 3. 1.The researcher used the internet to research the data on how companies run or perform their its business. 3. 2. The researcher used books as a reference as an addition to find out the information to help with the report. 3. 3. The researcher also interviewed Managers from different companies on how they run their business and what is expected in order to run a successful business. 3. 4. A questionnaire was also produced by the researcher and sent to both Internal and external stakeholders to find out their different strategies Of running a successful business. 4. Introduction to the Organisation . 1. Cookridge Carpets company is a large carpets, soft furnishings and bed dealership in Southampton. It is a main dealer for [emailà ‚  protected] foam Beds and mattresses in the area and having been established in 2007, it has been trading for the past three years. It is a private limited company set by two brothers, Peter and john Cookridge. 4. 2. The two brothers purchased a large plot of land on which they developed An air craft hangar sized building to use as the carpet and bed showroom. They started out selling carpets and then expanded into beds and softFurnishings. In February 2010 Cookridge Carpets Company was asked by Memo Beds to become the main dealership for Southampton as the existing Local dealer was retiring. The two Brothers have been very successful in direct sales and have recently started selling carpets and beds over the internet. This Venture seems to have increased business. John is married to Paula, who acted as company secretary for the first two years of the company’s existence. 4. 3. The Cookridge Carpets company has a relatively flat structure (see Appendix1). This is a benefit to the company because the structure as few levels of management, has wide span of control, it is decentralized, this means that the communication between the superiors and subordinates is quick and also has high freedom of responsibilities of employees. 4. 4. The Cookridge Carpets company’s accounting department system is Decentralized system. This means the accounting systems are done in various places. This is an advantage to the company because the decisions within the company are faster compared to centralized system, the top management has more time to do other things that are part of the decision making, and also the system is dynamic, this is it is adapted to change.Leadership style of the company is normally laissez faire because controls within the company is lacking e. g. employees use accounts department computers for their self-interest. Supervision is also poor, employees do work in their own preferred time. 4. 5. External regulations affecting the organization 4. 5. 1. The Data Protection Act 1998- This regulation states how Cookridge Carpets company should handle or manage the confidential information or data about the business. Cookridge Carpets has to make sure that it follows the Act to avoid penalties if the data is disclosed without any egal agreement or action. 4. 5. 2. Late payment law- This Act states that Cookridge Carpets company must distribute payments fairly among employees and must not delay any payments for that matter. Failure to do so the company might face very disturbing penalties such as fines etc. 4. 5. 3. Health and safety legislation- Cookridge Carpets must company must Comply with the Act by making sure its customers or employees are having a nice safely working environment free from threats or hazards that may affect their health. 4. 5. 4. The company’s Act 2006- This Act regulates that Cookridge Carpets ust prepare financial statements and finalize them so that they are ready to be analyzed. Fraud Act 200 6- Under fraud act 2006 a person may face penalties if they breach one of the sections 2 (fraud by false representation), section 3 (fraud by failing to disclose information) and section 4 (fraud by abuse of position). Cookridge carpets especially the accounts department should make sure it abides by the Act to avoid penalties even imprisonment or even unlimited fines. 4. 6. Cookridge Carpets Internal Stakeholders 4. 6. 1. Owners- Peter and John Cookridge are the owners of the Cookridge Carpets company.As the owners of the company, their responsibilities are to make sure that the company pays tax according to the principle. They also look at the financial statements of the business to see if the business is making a profit or loss. They also look at the costs of the the business as well as turnovers and also make budgets of the their own business. 4. 6. 2. Management- The senior accounts clerk is responsible for the management of the business. He is responsible for managing the acco unting staff and making recommendations reports based on the weaknesses of the accounts system to improve them.Also to focus on the payroll system to make sure that it complies with the payroll Act required. 4. 6. 3. Employees- The business employed 20 members of staff; nine Direct Sales staff, three internet sales staff, two cleaners, two car delivery drivers, one accessory salesperson and lastly three part time staff in the small accounts departments. 4. 7. Cookridge Carpets External Stakeholders 4. 7. 1. Customers- Cookridge Carpets customers are owners of small business shops or stores who buy their goods from Cookridge Carpets and sells to other customers from their own shops. This is an advantage to both arties because the cash flow is being generated. 4. 7. 2. Suppliers- The supplies of Cookridge Carpets are manufactures of Goods including foam beds, mattresses and carpets. Suppliers will be focusing on the payments for goods being supplied. The financial statements will prov ide information to decide whether to provide credit to Cookridge Carpets company. 4. 7. 3. Bank- This is the main stakeholder of Cookridge Carpets because it deals with the financial accounts of the company as the company is facing some overdraft challenges. If the overdrafts needs to be repaid this might affect the company’s budgets and cash flow thus isturbing the company’s performance. 4. 7. 4. Westbridge Finance- Cookridge Carpets company offers monthly Payment terms to all customers at 6months interest free credit. Once this period expires there is an annual interest rate of 28. 4%. the company finance this through Westbridge, which charges an annual rate of 8. 7% to the company. 4. 7. 5. The debt collection agency- This agency charges ? 80 per case to Cookridge Carpets company plus 30% of any monies collected. 5. The Accounts Department 5. 1. Cookridge Carpets has accounts department office which is located on the first floor of the showroom.Access to the office is by a set of stairs at the rear of the building. Toilet facilities for staff and customers are also on the first floor, so the stairs are used by the members. The accounts staff are responsible for preparing sales invoices and to manage credit accounts. There is a waiting room for customer service. The accounts department use the code in the organization. 5. 2. The accounts department is mainly used to prepare and complete all sorts of activities on production of the accounts involving sales and purchase ledger and payroll. 5. 3. The accounts department internal stakeholders 5. 3. . Peter and John Cookridge- These are the owners of the Cookridge Carpets Company, as the owners of the company, their responsibilities is to make sure that the company pays tax according to the principle. They also look at the financial statement of the business to see whether the business is making a profit or loss. They also look at costs of the business as well as turnovers. 5. 3. 2. Wages Clerk- Thi s field is responsible for the preparation of the weekly and monthly payroll information. To accurately calculate all monies due wages and commission. To make up pay packets for the weekly paid staff nd prepare BACS returns for monthly paid staff. To prepare all associated returns and documentation and willing to undertake extra hours as needed. 5. 3. 3. Accounts Clerk 1- The accounts clerk is responsible for preparing sales Invoices (sales ledger) in the accounts receivables. Responsible to manage credit accounts. To ensure that all payments are made with 90 days. To prepare monthly management information and must be willing to undertake extra hours as needed. Also responsible for security of information and security of cash. 5. 3. 4. Accounts Clerk 2- The accounts clerk is responsible to check GRNAnd purchase invoices in the accounts payables (purchase ledger). Responsible for liaise with carpets, beds and soft furnishings suppliers. To manage accounts payable accounts. To ensure that all payments are made accurately and on time. To prepare monthly management information and must be responsible for security of information and security of payments. 5. 3. 5. Senior Accounts Clerk- Responsible for managing the accounting staff and making recommendations reports based on the weaknesses of the accounts system to improve them. Also to focus on the payroll system to make sure that it complies with the payroll Act. . 3. 6. Stores Staff- These are the company’s additional staff that helps with customers. They work mainly in stores and require complete supervision and accurate help from the accounts members. 6. Review of the Accounting System 6. 1. The researcher investigates the accounting system of Cookridge Carpets and also makes recommendations to improve the system. 6. 2. This section also investigates the financial reports the accounts system should hand to their stakeholders and to see if it is acceptable to agree or to meet the company’s needs an d the stakeholders needs. The trengths and weaknesses are aided in the SWOT analysis (see appendix 2). 6. 3. Working methods and practices 6. 3. 1. Strengths in the working methods and practices within the systems of Cookridge Carpets are stated in the SWOT analysis in appendix 2 as follows; * The Cookridge Carpets company’s accounting system and Inventory system operates its payroll system using Sage Payroll to calculate the employee’s weekly wages and salaries. It uses Microsoft Excel and the invoices are made using Word document. The computers can also access internet which is helpful to the employees to search and get information they need quickly. The company also has an alarm within the premise which is used to reduce the risks of theft within the company. * There is also the use of passwords on computers to protect confidential information from being disclosed or stolen. 6. 3. 2. Weaknesses in the working methods and practices within the systems of Cookridge Car pets are stated in the SWOT analysis in appendix 2 as follows; * There is lack of back-up of important information of the company and this put the company at risk of losing this important information. * Most of the employees are not familiar with using the current systems like Microsoft Excel and Sage payroll system.This is not good for Cookridge Carpets company because this might lead to errors in important data or documents of the company. * There is lack of discipline within the company. For example, some employees may just use the Accounts department computers for their self- interest like shopping on line. This is not good for the company because the computers are reserved to keep confidential information and should not be used by unauthorized staff members. * There is lack of communication in the company which may lead to poor decision making and action plans. * There is poor security within the company. For example, there was a ase when John found the door of accounts departm ent unlocked. * There is lack training for each of the roles within the organization. * There is lack of planning within the company. This is not good the company because this will make some errors in the business and the company would not be able to meet its goals or fail to meet its goals. * Most Cookridge Carpets staff is part time workers. This is a disadvantage because there are not available in the office at all times to monitor the company‘s performance or taking part in some tasks needed for the performance of the company. 6. 4. Record Keeping System 6. 4. 1.Weaknesses in the record keeping system are stated as part of the SWOT analysis in appendix 2 as follows; * The Cookridge Carpets company payroll is done manually, this is not good for the company because errors may easily result or occur. * Most staff is not comfortable or highly trained effectively on the use of Microsoft Excel system and the Sage payroll system. If they continue using these systems, errors on do cuments such as spreadsheet may build up and cause the company to produce inaccurate financial reports of the business. * There is no work being done for other members of staff when they are absent at work.Important or urgent work is there for done manually for them. This is not good the company because errors may result in the work being done. * The staff take cash directly from the till and the petty cash is not properly recorded. * Wages are done manually and in advance, therefore are not accurate. * The staff hours are recorded manually and the wages are calculated manually by the basic hours made by the staff leading to inaccurate payment. * There is lack of security within the record keeping department. This is not good for the company because confidential information may be stolen to be used against the company. . 5. Training of staff 6. 5. 1. The weaknesses in the training of staff of Cookridge Carpets company are stated in the SWOT analysis in appendix 2 as follows; * Cookr idge Carpets employees lack training in their accounting field. This is not good for the company because it leads to lack of knowledge and understanding about general controls and the company procedures. Errors may also occur due to lack of train, this might affect the performance of the business. * Cookridge Carpets staff is also lacking training on the use of the current systems.For example they are unable to used the pivot tables in the excel spreadsheets and the as well as the Sage payroll system. This is also good for the company because it can cause for further errors to the business. 7. Internal controls and analysis of fraud 7. 1. Internal System of Control 7. 1. 1. Cookridge Carpets company’s controlling system is not that productive, in other words is informal. The company’s control system is based firmly on trust. This is not good at all for the Company because fraud can be easily arises. Formal internal controls system is good for Cookridge Carpets because potential risks of fraud may be reduced. . 1. 2. The internal control system weaknesses are identified in the SWOT analysis in appendix 2 as follows; * Passwords – One password is being used to access the accounts department systems. All employees can be able to use the password in accounts office, this is not good for the business because the computer stores confidential information which is not allowed for the members of staff to see or disclose without any legal permission. * Wages- Wages are calculated and recorded manually within the business. This is not good for the business because inaccurate results or documents about wage are being produced.There is also no control in place for who collect staff wages and wages are not signed for in the business. * Petty Cash- There is no petty cash control system within Cookridge Carpets at all. The amount used from the petty cash is not recorded, which is also not good for the company because it influences the risks of theft withi n the business. * Cheques- The control system of the business involving cheques within the company is very poor. It is poor in the sense that blank cheques are signed and left with staff. The system is also poor because the office where the cheque books are kept can be left unlocked. Cash- The controls in regard to the use of cash is very poor within the business. Cash produced is normally used to pay wages of the staff and also calculated manually. Tills are also not counted for; the amount taken is also recorded manually. * Counter Signatures- Cookridge Carpets company’s controlling system on wages is not effective. Wages are not cross checked to prevent some errors that may easily be produced. * Credit Control- The company’s control in the credit control system is not that adequate. The company use or seek help from the credit reference agency when they grant credit to customers. New supplier and customers- Cookridge Carpets company has poor controls in regard to ne w customers and suppliers of the company. This is bad for the business because confusions between old and new customers and suppliers can be created and cause serious problems to the business. * Authorisation- Cookridge Carpets lack effective authorization control. Wages are not authorized in a formal manner because they are calculated and recorded manually. This is not good because errors can easily occur. Cheques are also needed to be signed by the owners. 7. 2. Analysis of fraud 7. 2. 1. There are possible frauds that could take place within theCookridge Carpets company’s control system. There are no evidence were the searcher found cases of fraud within the company. The effective controls should be introduced that prevents such cases. 7. 2. 2. The SWOT analysis in appendix 2 shows the weaknesses within the system as follows; * Cheque books are not safely stored in a secure place. This is not good for the company because the cheque books might get misplaced or they can be stolen. * The company use cash to pay wages which is not good for business because cash can easily get stolen by the employees without anyone noticing. The risk of fraud can easily take place in cases were cheques are signed and left blank for staff to use when the owners are not at work. * There are ways in which the staff can just take money directly from the tills instead of using the petty cash system. This is not good for the business because the staff can take the business money for their self- interest and don’t return it back or pay for it. * Cash is used to pay the members of staff and the payment is calculated and recorded manually. This is not good because errors may occur and this could make the staff to be paid more or less than the correct amount they should earn. . Recommendations to improve Cookridge Carpets Accounting System 8. 1. The following are recommendations that can be made to improve the weaknesses found by the researcher. 8. 1. 1. The password used t o access the system must be changed to Avoid the risks of disclosing confidential information and to reduce the risk of fraud. The staff of Cookridge Carpets must be informed of the need to have the effective controls to work efficiently. 8. 1. 2. Cookridge Carpets company staff must be given formal accounting training to improve on their weaknesses in order to reduce or eliminate possible errors.This could also help them to have much understanding of the importance and the need for controls within the company. 8. 1. 3. Cookridge Carpets should introduce controls that deals with new suppliers and customers to the accounts system. The owners should be fully involved to reduce the risks of fraud within the business. 8. 1. 4. The company should also introduce the effective petty cash control system within the organization. This will benefit the company because the petty cash would be recorded appropriately and this would reduce the risks of fraud as the cash taken from the till would b e recorded. 8. 1. 5.Cookridge Carpets company should back up its system. This will benefit the company because the important information would not be lost in the event of a system failure or if incidents like fire outbreak occur. 8. 1. 6. The Senior Accountant should be fully responsible for the management and operation of the new system introduced within the Cookridge Carpets company to avoid poor performance of the company and maintain efficiency and effectiveness. 8. 1. 7. The company must make payments to employees and suppliers by BACS. The payment should be made directly into bank accounts to reduce the use of cash and cheques for payments.This will benefit the company a lot because the risks of fraud and theft would be controlled as well as errors made during Calculations as the company make calculations manually. 8. 1. 8. Cookridge Carpets company should insure that it keeps cheque books in a locked and secure place like a safe. The system of signing blank cheques should als o be stopped. The Senior Accounts clerk should be put in control of signing cheques when the owners are upset. This would reduce the chances of fraud within the business. 8. 1. 9. There should also maintain a fully up to date register of working taff hours to ensure that staff are at work at required times. Cookridge Carpets company staff must always be informed to cover for each other’s absence to continue the working progress. This will be a good advantage to the company because the performance will improve. 8. 1. 10. Staff should also be trained on the operation of the new systems like the use of Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and the Sage payroll software. This would benefit the company because the staff would be having operational skills hence improve performance and efficiency of the company. 9. Cost benefit analysis 9. 1. The following is a completed cost benefit analysis of the ecommendations to introduce a centralized accounting system within Cookridge Carpets company; 9. 2. COSTS 9. 2. 1. Cookridge Carpets company would need to purchase effective equipment for the network of computers. The organization would rather buy cables or use a wireless network. The costs of all this is approximately ranging between ? 600-? 1,600. Wireless network would be faster than cabling but the connection could be lost on some occasions. Cabling on the other hand would be more reliable because it is less expensive compared to wireless network. 9. 2. 2. The staff can continue using the current manual system f the organization face some disturbance or disruptions to the new system. As the workload will be a lot, additional staff will be needed to enter data about particular documents of the organization so that the system would be fully operational. This would require costs of approximately ? 3000. 9. 2. 3. The organization would also need to look at costs of introducing procedure manuals to ensure staff can use the system and a rota to cover some elements when some st aff are not available at work. The senior accounts clerk will need to monitor this progress and would take approximately 30hours of their time f the workload is too much. 9. 2. 4. Cookridge Carpets company would also need to purchase centralized accounts package such as Accounts Professional which has been designed for both small and big companies. There are different types of packages of this kind and the company will have to choose which package is best suitable and needed by the company. This package would cost approximately ? 3,500 depending on the quality and size. The package should be simple to operate and should come with instructions on how it is used. 9. 2. 5. If the staff finds it more complex to use or operate the package urchased, the company would have to provide training for staff. Courses for staff would cost approximately ? 500-? 700 depending on the level of training. 9. 2. 6. As part of training on the operational of the new accounts package purchased, these would be an opportunity cost of the staff not be available at work. 9. 3. BENEFITS 9. 3. 1. Cookridge Carpets would need to complete the centralized system reports including the financial system of the business. This could be monitored by both the owners of the business or the senior accounts clerk to ensure that the business is running ccording to plan and the cash is being generated and managed effectively. This reports processed would include; * Payroll Reports * Income Statements * Aged debt analysis * Supplier payments reports * Statement of financial position * Cash flow statement * Costs by cost centre/code * Analysis of petty cash expenditure 9. 3. 2. Cookridge Carpets would need thee cash flow statement to help the owners John and Peter to study the cash flow of the organization. It could also help them to manage the cash more effectively and efficiently to minimize the overdraft and other fees within the business.It could also help them with planning and budgeting other cash ex penditures of the business. 9. 3. 3. The organization would need the age debt report to improve the system on making debts and to make sure that the customers who do not pay the business on time are closely monitored in order to minimize the issue. This could also make it difficult for the customers to misuse the current controls thus many bad debts would be closely prevented. 9. 3. 4. Payroll reports of Cookridge Carpets company would be more accurate and up to date on rules and regulations set by the business. This would minimize confusions and incorrect payments ade doing calculation thus improving the staff’s performance and efficiency in work. 9. 3. 5. Cookridge Carpets company would benefit a lot on using a centralized system because it will be used as a back up just in case the system being used breakdown. Cookridge staff would continue with their tasks if one of the computers fail to function or breaks down. There will be reduced risks of losing important data because if the main system fails to work, it would be operational once again and this time would be fast in performance. 9. 3. 6. Another benefit to Cookridge Carpets would be the formal training of staff.This would be helpful to the business because it will increase and improve efficiency and effectiveness of staff on their work. Their morale would also be improved thus bring commitment to the organization with lower staff turnovers. The morale of the non- accounting staff would also be improved due to the accurate and complete wages. 9. 3. 7. Cookridge Carpets would benefit by having an improved cash flow system because the supplier reports on payments are implemented and suppliers are paid on time. this could further more benefit the credit terms and conditions that suppliers grant Cookridge Carpets company. 9. 3. 8.Another benefit of the company would be the lower risks of fraud prevented by the improvement of the controls within the system as well as improved control cost. Reports on costs would help the owners of the business with the payments and wages and states where some costs are higher or lower than expected by the business when they are finally analyzed. 9. 3. 9. The business would use the statement of financial position to show the assets and liabilities of the company. It would also show details of the receivables (debtors) and payables (creditors) and allow the owners to have a regular and more accurate picture of these. This ould help the company to highlight any issues with the size of payables and receivables. 9. 3. 10. The business would also benefit by using the income statement to show the owners of the company the income or revenue received received and the costs of the business. This could show profitability by month or by product depending on the details required. This would help the owners with decision making and analyzing the business and would highlight key costs such as bank interest. Appendix 1- Organization chart Appendix 2- SWOT analy sis STRENGTHS| WEAKNESSES| * There is an alarm code they set every day evening when they lock up. * Access to the accounts office on the first floor is easy because the keypad lock is never used. | * All computers are loaded with licensed software owned by the company| * The password used on all of the computers is the same and never been changed. | * No member of staff is allowed to load any software onto the computers without subsequent permission from the manager. | * The check book is not kept in a perfectly safe area. | * No unauthorized devices are to be used for saving, uploading or downloading work other than those purchased and approved by the company. * There is lack of control as all staff can get access to the accounts office with the common password. | * No unauthorized discs, memory sticks, external hard drives or other devices are to be used within the accounting system. | * Cash being generated is used to pay wages; this is not good for the company because it increas es the risks of theft. | * Only authorized members of staff are to use computers. | * There are high risks of errors within the business as some staff is not qualified in accounting. | * The inventory information of beds, carpets and soft furnishings are kept on Microsoft excel spreadsheet. * The inventory information of beds, carpets and soft furnishings are kept on Microsoft excel spreadsheet. | * Two new computers were purchased by Cookridge Carpets Company and are both running the Windows vista operating system. They are also loaded with Microsoft Office 2007 ( with a three user license) . | * There is lack of control concerning the petty cash system; some staff can just take the money from tills without recording the amount being taken. | * There are also two new computers purchased and loaded with Sage Payroll software. * Some staff has lack of knowledge on using the new systems like Microsoft word excel. This is not good because it might cause plenty of errors within the busi ness. | * When the computer system was set up, a password was installed to protect the information stored on it. | * Invoices are processed manually; this is not good for the business because errors can easily be made during processing. | | * The cash taken from tills is not recorded; this is not good for the business because risks of fraud and theft may easily occur. | * There is inaccurate staff pay due to lack of controls on staff hours and manual calculations of wages. | | * Payments to suppliers are made without informing other staff members. This is not good because it may lead to high chances of fraud. | | * There is lack of authority; blank cheques are signed to cover absence. | | * There is inaccurate staff pay due to lack of controls on staff hours and manual calculations of wages. | OPPORTUNITIES| THREATS| * There is an opportunity to introduce some back up staff to cover for those who are absent so that work can continue being done without any delay. * If staffs who lack knowledge and experience continue using the spreadsheet and some other software, it will bring threats to the business. Errors will be made during the working progress therefore the results of the data being produced would be incorrect and inaccurate. | * There is an opportunity to introduce formal training to staff that lack knowledge and experience in accounting and also the new system they use like the use of Microsoft excel spreadsheet and new software introduced by the business. * If the company does not back up its current systems, there will be a threat of losing some important data of the business when the system in use breakdown. | * There is an opportunity to introduce close monitoring and control of the payroll system and internal audit to the company’s accounting system. | * It appears that one password is used to access the accounting department system. This is a threat to the business because the computers are likely storing confidential information which is no t supposed to be seen by the staff without any authority or permission. * There is an opportunity of using new systems such as the Microsoft excel spreadsheet to record and calculate data. This is good for the company because recording data manually will be replaced. | * Using cash to pay wages of the employees is a threat to a business because fraud and theft can easily take place within the business. The wages may on the other hand be incorrect due to the manual calculations. | * There is an opportunity to introduce some back up staff to cover for those who are absent so that work can continue being done without any delay. * It appears that office staffs are paid by cheques. This is a threat to the company because the frequent use of cheques can lead to risks of cheques being stolen or fraudulently used. | * There is an opportunity to introduce formal training to staff who lack knowledge and experience in accounting and also the new system they use like the use of Microsoft excel spreadsheet and new software introduced by the business. | * There is a threat of making incorrect and inaccurate invoices due to manual completion of invoices. * There is an opportunity to introduce close monitoring and control of the payroll system and internal audit to the company’s accounting system. | * If staffs who lack knowledge and experience continue using the spreadsheet and some other software, it will bring threats to the business. Errors will be made during the working progress therefore the results of the data being produced would be incorrect and inaccurate. | Appendix 3-Fraud Matrix Potential Fraud| Current Control| Risk To The Organization | Recommendations| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Removing Wallpaper Reveals Wall in “The Yellow Wallpaper”...

The story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is about a female narrator who is suffering from some form of post partum depression that spirals out of control as her husband tries to help by secluding her, in the middle of nowhere for three months. Since the woman is already admittedly unsound, the seclusion makes her fixate severely on yellow wallpaper in her bedroom. Eventually as her story progresses, her fixation becomes an obsession and the wallpaper begins to do things completely improbable. Eventually it becomes impossible to distinguish the facts from the fiction buried amidst her madness. By the end of her story, you realize that nothing this narrator is writing is reliable; because all the people around her notice†¦show more content†¦The countless references to various characters asking our narrator to refrain from anything that makes her mind wonder, shows us she is prone to her mind wondering too far away from reality. Not a single cha racter our narrator references believes she is sound of mind, so from the beginning, we shouldn’t believe she is either. In the beginning, the paper has little potential other than being ugly. The longer she fixates on the wallpaper the more power it seems to have, and the more power she believes it always had. She remarks about the odor oozing from the wallpaper that is so powerful it gets in her hair and around the house, yet she never commented on it before. She believes she â€Å"noticed it the moment† (Schwiebert 232) her and John entered the room, but only her readers know this was never true and never mentioned before. She states suspected the front pattern was moving, from the very beginning, even though she never references it until the paper is so powerful it has a woman living behind it. She never even mentions the patterns existing before then. The narrator isn’t lying to us, the narrator is sick and believes her story, but by this time, its inconsistencies make it unreliable. The narrator’s obsession with the wallpaper eventually makes her story spin so far out of control, her grasp on reality is completely lost and to every observer it is obvious. She believes people are living in the wallpaper and they come and goShow MoreRelatedWomen s Self Discovery Through Literary Text1902 Words   |  8 Pagesher views on sex, marriage, and women during that period. While authors like Charlotte Perkins Gilman highlighted women’s desire to me more than just a wife. Chopin uses the self-awareness journey in The Awakening to reveal how difficult it was for women to be liberating through Edna Pontellier. Gilman stresses the struggle women went through when trying to find themselves and their freedom in her short story â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper.† Both literary texts focus on woman’s self-discovery and their struggleRead More Analysis of The Yellow Wallpaper, The Birthmark, and The Goose Girl2782 Words   |  12 Pagesinvolved: â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† â€Å"The Birthmark,† and â€Å"The Goose Girl†. This paper will focus on analysis based on figurative languages used either consciously or unconsciously, the passivity of the characters, motivations, role performed in the story, and the agendas used by the various authors. The point of this analysis is to show how various authors have used short stories to give the world a diverse message that can be spun in many different directions. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short storyRead MorePatriarchy and the Yellow Wallpaper1770 Words   |  8 PagesPatriarchy and The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper motivated the female mind of creativity and mental strength through a patriarchal order of created gender roles and male power during the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century. While John represented characteristics of a typical male of his time, the yellow wallpaper represented a controlling patriarchal society; a sin of inequality that a righteous traitor needed to challenge and win. As the wallpaper deteriorates, so doesRead More Loneliness to Insanity and Madness in A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wall-Paper1545 Words   |  7 PagesFrom Loneliness to Insanity in A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wall-Paper      Ã‚   In The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir states that within a patriarchal society woman does not enjoy the dignity of being a person; she herself forms a part of the patrimony of a man: first of her father, then of her husband (82-3). Both Emily Grierson in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and the narrator of Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wall-Paper are forced into solitude simply because they are womenRead MoreWomen Oppression: Revolution through Revelation Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pages1. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to evaluate and review the role that women played in the eternal bond of marriage and also to shed light upon the fact that women of that period made none of their own decisions. Something that must be pointed out without foregoing any further analysis is that the name of the narrator is never revealed in full which, one can imagine, is a glimpse into the oppression women faced during this timeRead MoreLiterature: Compare and Contrast - Literary Devices5483 Words   |  22 Pagesand contrast the writings is The Yellow Wallpaper (Gilman), set in the late 19th century, offering suspense and intrigue. The lady of the house has just given birth and her husband, the physician, sweeps her off to the countryside to recover from her unusual mental and physical state. The gradual twists by the writer begin to provide evidence of her mental state caused, in part, by the controlling nature of her husband. Her continued obsession with the yellow wallpaper that, in her mind seems to move

The American Revolutionary War Essay - 1322 Words

When looking at sources for research one must analyze what is influencing the author. Sarson was writing his book leading up to 2005 in Wales, and Nellis was writing leading up to 2010 in British Columbia. Although the five-year difference in publication dates does not present any convincing possible influencers between the two authors the locational differences between the authors does present the possibility for differing influencers. Between Wales, United Kingdom, and British Columbia, Canada there will be varying pressures to present certain viewpoints, and use certain terminology. For example, in the United States of America the American Revolution is called the American War of Independence but in Europe it is more commonly referred to as the American Revolutionary War. Though it is a minor terminological difference it impacts how a reader will view the war. Naming plays a large role in the perception of an event. With this said, one must also note that Sarson, though teaching i n Britain, received his PhD at John Hopkins University in Baltimore. This would give Sarson an American viewpoint on many aspects of American history. Nellis on the other side lives in Canada and is working, and researching from Canada. This means that he likely does not feel as much pressure to say that America was the instigator and victor of the American Revolution and has not been taught this view point as extensively. These locational, and educational differences could contribute toShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolutionary War796 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolutionary War was a long hard fought war that lasted about 8 years. Many Countries were involved in the war, such as The United States, France, Great Britain, Spain, and The Dutch Republic. Not all countries actually fought but they provided either side with weapons and supplies to help them have a greater chance of winning the war. More than 70,000 people were killed during the great American Revolutionary War . The Americans were tired of the loyalist British taking advantage ofRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War1223 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the American Revolutionary War, however, the answer is clear. While the War certainly brought about change within the United States, it wasn’t necessarily very revolutionary. The most important aspects of the colonies, such as ideas about government, various types of societal equality, slavery and freed blacks, and the rights of women remained for the most part, unaffected. The theories and ideas about government that initially gave the war a purpose were definitely revolutionary. One notableRead MoreAmerican Revolutionary War2411 Words   |  10 Pagesthe revolution was the American embrace of a political ideology called republicanism, which was dominant in the colonies by 1775. The country party in Britain, whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was to be feared, influenced American politicians. The commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights, helped bring about the American Revolution, as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests; it seemed toRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War1519 Words   |  7 Pages What was the purpose of the American Revolutionary War, or any revolutionary war, for that matter? There are many types of government in the world, and like everything, some are better than others. The people in the countries that had revolutionary w ars had the drive and determination to rebel against their government, for what they believed was right, because, well, they did not like their government and wanted another kind. Within the hundreds of types of governments, the most common includeRead MoreThe War Of Independence And The American Revolutionary War943 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution or also known as the U.S War of Independence and the American Revolutionary War took place during 1775 to 1783. The Revolution was a conflict arose from the residents of Great Britain’s 13 colonies and the colonial government. The Revolution brought drastic changes to the lives of women. While the men were away at war, women would stay home, and take over the jobs men had before the war. As time flew by, women started taking roles in the Revolutionary War, examples of rolesRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War Was Truly Revolutionary?1240 Words   |  5 PagesAP U.S History: D.B.Q. American Revolution Prompt: Analyze the extent to which the American Revolutionary War was truly ‘revolutionary?’† The American Revolution, which occurred approximately from 1765 to 1786, is also known as the American Revolutionary War and the U.S. War of Independence, for good reason. The conflict rose from rising tensions amid the people of Great Britain’s thirteen American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown. ClashesRead MoreThe Revolutionary War And The American Revolution915 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was an important turning point in that process as it marked the beginning of the end slavery in the northern states and, by contrast, its intensification in most of the southern states. When I think about how the Revolutionary War affected enslaved African Americans it was quite interesting. After reading the testimony of one the ex slave right around the the time of the Revolutionary War still seemed harsh. Samuel Elliot was born into slavery and was a farmer. When many ofRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War Essay517 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War in the United States, was the prosperous military revolt against Great Britain of Thirteen American Colonies which joined together as the United States of America in July 1776. Originally constrained to fighting in those colonies, after 1778 it additionally became a world war between Britain and France, Netherlands, Spain, and Mysore. The war had its inchoations in the resistance of manyRead MoreAmerican Revolution : The American Revolutionary War923 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution is known as the war fought between American and Great Britain, for Americans freedom. The American Revolution is also commonly known as the American Revolutionary War, or the U.S War of Independence. The War itself only last a short eight years, it began in 1775 and ended in 1783, but tensions had been building up for centuries between the Great Britain and the colonies at the given time period. The American Revolutionary War until 1778 was a war of independence betweenRead MoreThe Trail Of The American Revolutionary War1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trail to The American Revolutionary War The roots of the American Revolution can be traced all the way back to the year 1763 when British leaders began to tighten imperial reins. Once the relations between Britain and the colonies became more of a conflict. Britain’s land policy prohibiting settlement in the West irritated colonists as well as the arrival of British troops. The colonists believed that they should be able to live democratically. Alongside, Britain feeling as though they owned

Protection of Vulnerable People Older Adults With Dementia

Protection of Vulnerable People: Older Adults with Dementia Definition of Vulnerable Dementia refers to a syndrome which results in deterioration in thinking, memory, behavior, and ability to execute everyday activities and duties. Despite the fact that the syndrome is mainly associated with the older people, it is not a normal aspect or part of ageing. One of the major causes of dementia is the aspect of Alzheimers disease. This disease contributes to about 60 to 70 percent of the cases of dementia. Dementia possesses psychological, physical, economic, and social impacts in relation to the family, caregivers, and the entire society. Dementia affects each individual in a diverse or different way with reference to the impact of the disease and personality following the development of the syndrome (Gao et al, 2013 p. 447). There are three stages in relation to understanding of the signs and symptoms of dementia. The first stage is the concept of early stage which is associated with overlooking of dementia because of the gradual onset. Common signs during this stage include forgetfulness, loss of track of the time, and lost in the familiar places. The second stage is the middle stage following clear and restricting signs of dementia. Some of the signs during this stage include forgetfulness of events and names, lost at home, communication difficulties, and changes in behavior such as repeated questioning. The final stage is known as the last stage. This stage isShow MoreRelatedOutline Key Legislation and Regulations Which Govern Safeguarding Adults Work.1692 Words   |  7 PagesHuman rights act: The Human Rights Act 1998 (also known as the Act or the HRA) came into force in the United Kingdom in October 2000. It is composed of a series of sections that have the effect of codifying the protections in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. All public bodies (such as courts, police, local governments, hospitals, publicly funded schools, and others) and other bodies carrying out public functions have to comply with the Convention rights. The Human Rights ActRead MoreElderly Abuse Prevention, Identification And Treatment Act1646 Words   |  7 Pages Elderly abuse Each year thousands of individuals are abused and neglected including elderly persons. Many have stated that because of their age, frailness leaves them vulnerable to society. The majority depends on their caregiver to meet their basic need because they cannot help themselves. According to the 1985 Elder Abuse Prevention, Identification and Treatment Act, elderly abuse is defined as â€Å"willful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation or cruel punishment withRead MoreRights And Choices Of An Individual With Dementia917 Words   |  4 Pageslegislation that relates to the fulfilment of rights and choices and also minimises the risk of harm to an individual with dementia is: * Human Rights Act 1998 * Mental Capacity Act 2005 * Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 * Deprivation of Liberty safeguards (DOLS) * Mental Health Act 2007 * The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 * Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 * Carers (Equal opportunities) Act 2004 This legislation is there to protect individuals from harm andRead MoreVulnerable Adults3811 Words   |  16 PagesUnit 11 Safeguarding adults and promoting independence. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Task 1 P1: Describe forms of abuse which may be experienced by adults. Provide 5 types of abuse (e.g. Physical, Psychological, Sexual, Financial, Neglect) Forms of abuse in adults can include: †¢ Physical - Such as: Hitting, Pushing, Hair-pulling, Pinching, Inappropriate restraint, Shaking, Misuse of medication, or Scalding. †¢Read MoreHealth and Social Care Unit 51111 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 5 Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in health and social care 1.1, 1.2 Physical Abuse Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.. Physical abuse includes... * Hitting / slapping / kicking * Pushing * Pinching * Force feeding * Burning / scalding * Misuse of medication or restraint * Catheterisation for the convenience of staff * Refusing access toRead MoreElderly Abuse And What Issues With It1795 Words   |  8 Pagesdescribe harmful acts toward an elderly adult, such as physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, financial exploitation and neglect (including self-neglect). (Farlex, 2015) As adults grow older they may become more physically frail, may not see or hear as well as they used to, and may develop cognitive problems such as dementia or any other health issues, As a result, they become increasingly vulnerable to abuse and neglect. The mistreatment of older adults takes many forms, including physical,Read MoreMental Wellness And Older Adults806 Words   |  4 Pages2. Consider the issues that surround mental wellness in older adults? What stressors contribute to their mental health? What about protective factors? There are many issues surrounding mental wellness in older adults. For instance, as Qui (2010) reports, some of these adults have a difficult time leaving the house, which can take a toll on them, as this population tends to have more mental and physical issues (p. 2423). Additionally, Zanjani (2012) notes that mental health issues are often erroneouslyRead MoreEffects Of Exercise On Brain Health1623 Words   |  7 Pagesbrain is at risk of with the most widely recognised being dementia. In 2011 approximately 298,000 Australians aged 75 or above were diagnosed with dementia and this number is said to grow to 400,000 by 2020 (AGPC, 2013). The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease and accounts for up to 70% of all dementia cases (AGPC, 2013). Due to its prevalence in society there has been a lot of research into the effects of exercise on dementia related cognitive decline. A study conducted by LarsonRead MoreHome Care Services : A Vital Resource For Elderly And Disabled Persons1020 Words   |  5 Pagespatients receiving informal care (Barnay, T., Juin, S., 2016). Compared to both institutional services and no services, elderly patients receiving in home care had the lowest risk of mortality (Choi, J., Joung, E., 2016). In older adults experiencing variations of dementia, those receiving in home care demonstrate greater progress towards independence and community involvement than those placed in skilled nursing facilities (Wilson, K., Bachman, S. S., 2015). Who Provides the Service? HelpingRead MoreForms of Abuse Experienced by Adults3468 Words   |  14 Pages P1- describe forms of abuse which may be experienced by adults P2- describe factors that abuse may be happening to adults M1- Assess the likely immediate effects of two different forms of abuse on the health and wellbeing of adults D1- Evaluate the potential long-term effects of these two types of abuse on the health and wellbeing of adults Abuse is any form of mistreatment by any other person or even persons that will violate an individual s basic human and civil rights. The abuse can vary

Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Free Essays

Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Polio in the 1950’s has American parents in fear and anxiety due to thousands of children were become infected with a crippling disease Poliomyelitis (polio). We will write a custom essay sample on Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Polio is a disease caused by infections of the poliovirus, which can affect nerves and can leads to a partial or full paralysis. It is an inflammation of the spinal cord’s gray matter and can sometimes extend into the brainstem. Now thanks to Dr. Salk most children in the U. S get this Polio Vaccine along with many other vaccination shots as children to prevent this from procuring. In New York City in 1914 Russian-Jewish immigrant couples were happy to be blessed with a happy healthy boy names Jonas Salk. His parents had little educational background but they were determined to make sure that there kids succeed and do well. Dr. Salk was the first one in his family to go to college his plan was to go into law but then switched to medical science. While at New York University Dr. Salk was invited to spend a year researching influenza’s. Dr. Salk joined his mentor Dr. Thomas Francis, as a research fellow at the University of Michigan. There, he worked to develop an influenza vaccine In 1947 was appointed to the University of Pittsburgh Medical School and saw a golden opportunity to develop a vaccine against polio and devoted his work to it for the next 8years. In 1948 Dr. Salk took the techniques that he had learned from the past with working with influenzas and the â€Å"principle of vaccinations that if the bod is artificially exposed to a harmless form of the disease virus, the body will produce antibodies that resist or kill dangerous form of the virus if later exposed. â€Å"History of Jonas Salk. †Ã‚  Salk Institute – About Salk – History of Salk – About Jonas Salk. Salk Institute for Biological Studies). † Most of the support he got was from National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis and later became known as the March of Dimes. The founder of this organization was Former presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt who himself had Polio. In 1952 Dr. Salk and his team developed what they considered to be a safe potential polio vaccine. The vaccine was given to volunteers who had not had polio Dr. Salk laboratory staff, his kids and wife all volunteered and had no bad reactions to the vaccine. Then they tested in on a group of children at Watson Home for Crippled children located near Pittsburgh. One million kids between 6 and 9 half received the vaccine the other half got a placebo. On April 12, 1955 at the University of Michigan they announced that the vaccine had proven to be safe and effective. A year later they continued to improve it and began to work with a pharmaceutical company to scale it for a clinical trial and commercial manufacture. Dr. Salk spent most of the last 1950’s refining the vaccine and working on the scientific principles behind the researchers and by 1960 Dr. Salk was ready to move on and create a community of researcher’s to expand and work on other things too including Multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune disease , cancer immunology improving manufacture and standardization of killed polio vaccine and then eventually AIDS. The average number of polio cases in the US was more than 45,000 but by 1962 it was only 910. Dr. Salk never received any money for his discovery. A few year later a vaccine made from live polio virus was developed which could be administered orally Dr. Salk’s originally vaccine had to be injected. Dr. Salk last years were spent searching for a vaccine against AIDS Dr. Salk passed away on June 23, 1995 at the age of 80. A memorial at the Institute with a statement from Salk captures his vision: â€Å"Hope lies in dreams, in imagination and in the courage of those who dare to make dreams into reality. Work cited 1. â€Å"Jonas Salk Biography. †Ã‚  Academy of Achievement. N. p. , 05 Feb. 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. http://www. achievement. org/autodoc/page/sal0bio-1 2. â€Å"Jonas Salk 1914 – 1995. †Ã‚  PBS. PBS, n. d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmsalk. html 3. â€Å"History of Jonas Salk. †Ã‚  Salk Institute – About Salk – History of Salk – About Jonas Salk. Salk Institute for Biological S tudies, n. d. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. http://www. salk. edu/about/jonas_salk. html How to cite Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine, Papers

Rhetorical Analysis on Benjamin Bannekers Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay Example For Students

Rhetorical Analysis on Benjamin Bannekers Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay Benjamin Banneker wrote this letter to attempt to make the Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, aware of the oppressive and horrifying nature of the slave trade that Bannekers ancestors had been in for generations. Banneker uses tone, ethos, logos, pathos, syntax, juxtaposition, and scheme to sympathize with Jefferson about former hardships to perhaps reach common ground. The tone of the letter is elevated and sympathetic, the sympathetic tone appealing to the pathos of the reader, in this case Thomas Jefferson and the elevated tone appealing to the ethos of the reader. Banneker appeals to ethos by stating that he too has been through horrifying adversities, as Jefferson has, in trying to achieve freedom and independence. This and the use of elevated diction, aids Banneker in establishing himself as a reliable source. He appeals to logos by quoting exact phrases from reliable sources, including Jeffersons own words in the Declaration of Independence (i. e. We hold these truths to be self-evident ) and Jobs words (i. e. put your souls in their souls instead) to further his point. He appeals to pathos by continuously referring to the trials and hardships that Thomas Jefferson and Americans alike had to face in order to gain their freedom (i. e. the American Revolution and independence from England), while, at the same time, relating those hardships to his own brethrens hardships (i. e. the struggle for emancipation of slaves). Bannekers tone in this passage was elevated, formal, and sympathetic. He used an elevated tone in order to appeal to the higher-class society and educated patriots, such as Thomas Jefferson. Banneker uses elevated diction such as fortitude, abhorrence thereof, thus, and brethren to seem educated and civilized and to set a formal tone. He begins many of his phrases with the word sir which was intended to demonstrate his submission to authority. He uses abstract diction to vivify the true horrors and tribulations faced by slaves and add to the sympathetic tone of the letter. Bannekers use of syntax stands out in this passage. His use of syntax is strong because three of the four paragraphs contain a single sentence perhaps showing that these hardships seemed to have no end, but also to build up anticipation, almost forcing the reader to continue. Banneker also used scheme by juxtaposing the two similar situations that both he and Jefferson faced and elaborating on and comparing each. He achieves this by stating that: Jefferson, along with the rest of America at the time, faced the oppression of the British Crown and a variety of threats; and Bannekers brethren faced similar oppression and injustice from the United States government and supporters of the slave trade. Bannekers main purpose for writing this letter to Thomas Jefferson was to bring to light the adversity and trials of the slave community by juxtaposing the similar hardships faced by the audience he was attempting to appeal to, Thomas Jefferson, using: a formal and sympathetic tone; elevated diction; scheme; and appeals to ethos, logos, and pathos.