The American Revolutionary War Essay - 1322 Words

When looking at sources for research one must analyze what is influencing the author. Sarson was writing his book leading up to 2005 in Wales, and Nellis was writing leading up to 2010 in British Columbia. Although the five-year difference in publication dates does not present any convincing possible influencers between the two authors the locational differences between the authors does present the possibility for differing influencers. Between Wales, United Kingdom, and British Columbia, Canada there will be varying pressures to present certain viewpoints, and use certain terminology. For example, in the United States of America the American Revolution is called the American War of Independence but in Europe it is more commonly referred to as the American Revolutionary War. Though it is a minor terminological difference it impacts how a reader will view the war. Naming plays a large role in the perception of an event. With this said, one must also note that Sarson, though teaching i n Britain, received his PhD at John Hopkins University in Baltimore. This would give Sarson an American viewpoint on many aspects of American history. Nellis on the other side lives in Canada and is working, and researching from Canada. This means that he likely does not feel as much pressure to say that America was the instigator and victor of the American Revolution and has not been taught this view point as extensively. These locational, and educational differences could contribute toShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolutionary War796 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolutionary War was a long hard fought war that lasted about 8 years. Many Countries were involved in the war, such as The United States, France, Great Britain, Spain, and The Dutch Republic. Not all countries actually fought but they provided either side with weapons and supplies to help them have a greater chance of winning the war. More than 70,000 people were killed during the great American Revolutionary War . The Americans were tired of the loyalist British taking advantage ofRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War1223 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the American Revolutionary War, however, the answer is clear. While the War certainly brought about change within the United States, it wasn’t necessarily very revolutionary. The most important aspects of the colonies, such as ideas about government, various types of societal equality, slavery and freed blacks, and the rights of women remained for the most part, unaffected. The theories and ideas about government that initially gave the war a purpose were definitely revolutionary. One notableRead MoreAmerican Revolutionary War2411 Words   |  10 Pagesthe revolution was the American embrace of a political ideology called republicanism, which was dominant in the colonies by 1775. The country party in Britain, whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was to be feared, influenced American politicians. The commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights, helped bring about the American Revolution, as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests; it seemed toRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War1519 Words   |  7 Pages What was the purpose of the American Revolutionary War, or any revolutionary war, for that matter? There are many types of government in the world, and like everything, some are better than others. The people in the countries that had revolutionary w ars had the drive and determination to rebel against their government, for what they believed was right, because, well, they did not like their government and wanted another kind. Within the hundreds of types of governments, the most common includeRead MoreThe War Of Independence And The American Revolutionary War943 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution or also known as the U.S War of Independence and the American Revolutionary War took place during 1775 to 1783. The Revolution was a conflict arose from the residents of Great Britain’s 13 colonies and the colonial government. The Revolution brought drastic changes to the lives of women. While the men were away at war, women would stay home, and take over the jobs men had before the war. As time flew by, women started taking roles in the Revolutionary War, examples of rolesRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War Was Truly Revolutionary?1240 Words   |  5 PagesAP U.S History: D.B.Q. American Revolution Prompt: Analyze the extent to which the American Revolutionary War was truly ‘revolutionary?’† The American Revolution, which occurred approximately from 1765 to 1786, is also known as the American Revolutionary War and the U.S. War of Independence, for good reason. The conflict rose from rising tensions amid the people of Great Britain’s thirteen American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown. ClashesRead MoreThe Revolutionary War And The American Revolution915 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was an important turning point in that process as it marked the beginning of the end slavery in the northern states and, by contrast, its intensification in most of the southern states. When I think about how the Revolutionary War affected enslaved African Americans it was quite interesting. After reading the testimony of one the ex slave right around the the time of the Revolutionary War still seemed harsh. Samuel Elliot was born into slavery and was a farmer. When many ofRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War Essay517 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War in the United States, was the prosperous military revolt against Great Britain of Thirteen American Colonies which joined together as the United States of America in July 1776. Originally constrained to fighting in those colonies, after 1778 it additionally became a world war between Britain and France, Netherlands, Spain, and Mysore. The war had its inchoations in the resistance of manyRead MoreAmerican Revolution : The American Revolutionary War923 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution is known as the war fought between American and Great Britain, for Americans freedom. The American Revolution is also commonly known as the American Revolutionary War, or the U.S War of Independence. The War itself only last a short eight years, it began in 1775 and ended in 1783, but tensions had been building up for centuries between the Great Britain and the colonies at the given time period. The American Revolutionary War until 1778 was a war of independence betweenRead MoreThe Trail Of The American Revolutionary War1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trail to The American Revolutionary War The roots of the American Revolution can be traced all the way back to the year 1763 when British leaders began to tighten imperial reins. Once the relations between Britain and the colonies became more of a conflict. Britain’s land policy prohibiting settlement in the West irritated colonists as well as the arrival of British troops. The colonists believed that they should be able to live democratically. Alongside, Britain feeling as though they owned

Protection of Vulnerable People Older Adults With Dementia

Protection of Vulnerable People: Older Adults with Dementia Definition of Vulnerable Dementia refers to a syndrome which results in deterioration in thinking, memory, behavior, and ability to execute everyday activities and duties. Despite the fact that the syndrome is mainly associated with the older people, it is not a normal aspect or part of ageing. One of the major causes of dementia is the aspect of Alzheimers disease. This disease contributes to about 60 to 70 percent of the cases of dementia. Dementia possesses psychological, physical, economic, and social impacts in relation to the family, caregivers, and the entire society. Dementia affects each individual in a diverse or different way with reference to the impact of the disease and personality following the development of the syndrome (Gao et al, 2013 p. 447). There are three stages in relation to understanding of the signs and symptoms of dementia. The first stage is the concept of early stage which is associated with overlooking of dementia because of the gradual onset. Common signs during this stage include forgetfulness, loss of track of the time, and lost in the familiar places. The second stage is the middle stage following clear and restricting signs of dementia. Some of the signs during this stage include forgetfulness of events and names, lost at home, communication difficulties, and changes in behavior such as repeated questioning. The final stage is known as the last stage. This stage isShow MoreRelatedOutline Key Legislation and Regulations Which Govern Safeguarding Adults Work.1692 Words   |  7 PagesHuman rights act: The Human Rights Act 1998 (also known as the Act or the HRA) came into force in the United Kingdom in October 2000. It is composed of a series of sections that have the effect of codifying the protections in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. All public bodies (such as courts, police, local governments, hospitals, publicly funded schools, and others) and other bodies carrying out public functions have to comply with the Convention rights. The Human Rights ActRead MoreElderly Abuse Prevention, Identification And Treatment Act1646 Words   |  7 Pages Elderly abuse Each year thousands of individuals are abused and neglected including elderly persons. Many have stated that because of their age, frailness leaves them vulnerable to society. The majority depends on their caregiver to meet their basic need because they cannot help themselves. According to the 1985 Elder Abuse Prevention, Identification and Treatment Act, elderly abuse is defined as â€Å"willful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation or cruel punishment withRead MoreRights And Choices Of An Individual With Dementia917 Words   |  4 Pageslegislation that relates to the fulfilment of rights and choices and also minimises the risk of harm to an individual with dementia is: * Human Rights Act 1998 * Mental Capacity Act 2005 * Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 * Deprivation of Liberty safeguards (DOLS) * Mental Health Act 2007 * The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 * Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 * Carers (Equal opportunities) Act 2004 This legislation is there to protect individuals from harm andRead MoreVulnerable Adults3811 Words   |  16 PagesUnit 11 Safeguarding adults and promoting independence. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Task 1 P1: Describe forms of abuse which may be experienced by adults. Provide 5 types of abuse (e.g. Physical, Psychological, Sexual, Financial, Neglect) Forms of abuse in adults can include: †¢ Physical - Such as: Hitting, Pushing, Hair-pulling, Pinching, Inappropriate restraint, Shaking, Misuse of medication, or Scalding. †¢Read MoreHealth and Social Care Unit 51111 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 5 Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in health and social care 1.1, 1.2 Physical Abuse Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.. Physical abuse includes... * Hitting / slapping / kicking * Pushing * Pinching * Force feeding * Burning / scalding * Misuse of medication or restraint * Catheterisation for the convenience of staff * Refusing access toRead MoreElderly Abuse And What Issues With It1795 Words   |  8 Pagesdescribe harmful acts toward an elderly adult, such as physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, financial exploitation and neglect (including self-neglect). (Farlex, 2015) As adults grow older they may become more physically frail, may not see or hear as well as they used to, and may develop cognitive problems such as dementia or any other health issues, As a result, they become increasingly vulnerable to abuse and neglect. The mistreatment of older adults takes many forms, including physical,Read MoreMental Wellness And Older Adults806 Words   |  4 Pages2. Consider the issues that surround mental wellness in older adults? What stressors contribute to their mental health? What about protective factors? There are many issues surrounding mental wellness in older adults. For instance, as Qui (2010) reports, some of these adults have a difficult time leaving the house, which can take a toll on them, as this population tends to have more mental and physical issues (p. 2423). Additionally, Zanjani (2012) notes that mental health issues are often erroneouslyRead MoreEffects Of Exercise On Brain Health1623 Words   |  7 Pagesbrain is at risk of with the most widely recognised being dementia. In 2011 approximately 298,000 Australians aged 75 or above were diagnosed with dementia and this number is said to grow to 400,000 by 2020 (AGPC, 2013). The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease and accounts for up to 70% of all dementia cases (AGPC, 2013). Due to its prevalence in society there has been a lot of research into the effects of exercise on dementia related cognitive decline. A study conducted by LarsonRead MoreHome Care Services : A Vital Resource For Elderly And Disabled Persons1020 Words   |  5 Pagespatients receiving informal care (Barnay, T., Juin, S., 2016). Compared to both institutional services and no services, elderly patients receiving in home care had the lowest risk of mortality (Choi, J., Joung, E., 2016). In older adults experiencing variations of dementia, those receiving in home care demonstrate greater progress towards independence and community involvement than those placed in skilled nursing facilities (Wilson, K., Bachman, S. S., 2015). Who Provides the Service? HelpingRead MoreForms of Abuse Experienced by Adults3468 Words   |  14 Pages P1- describe forms of abuse which may be experienced by adults P2- describe factors that abuse may be happening to adults M1- Assess the likely immediate effects of two different forms of abuse on the health and wellbeing of adults D1- Evaluate the potential long-term effects of these two types of abuse on the health and wellbeing of adults Abuse is any form of mistreatment by any other person or even persons that will violate an individual s basic human and civil rights. The abuse can vary

Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Free Essays

Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine Polio in the 1950’s has American parents in fear and anxiety due to thousands of children were become infected with a crippling disease Poliomyelitis (polio). We will write a custom essay sample on Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Polio is a disease caused by infections of the poliovirus, which can affect nerves and can leads to a partial or full paralysis. It is an inflammation of the spinal cord’s gray matter and can sometimes extend into the brainstem. Now thanks to Dr. Salk most children in the U. S get this Polio Vaccine along with many other vaccination shots as children to prevent this from procuring. In New York City in 1914 Russian-Jewish immigrant couples were happy to be blessed with a happy healthy boy names Jonas Salk. His parents had little educational background but they were determined to make sure that there kids succeed and do well. Dr. Salk was the first one in his family to go to college his plan was to go into law but then switched to medical science. While at New York University Dr. Salk was invited to spend a year researching influenza’s. Dr. Salk joined his mentor Dr. Thomas Francis, as a research fellow at the University of Michigan. There, he worked to develop an influenza vaccine In 1947 was appointed to the University of Pittsburgh Medical School and saw a golden opportunity to develop a vaccine against polio and devoted his work to it for the next 8years. In 1948 Dr. Salk took the techniques that he had learned from the past with working with influenzas and the â€Å"principle of vaccinations that if the bod is artificially exposed to a harmless form of the disease virus, the body will produce antibodies that resist or kill dangerous form of the virus if later exposed. â€Å"History of Jonas Salk. †Ã‚  Salk Institute – About Salk – History of Salk – About Jonas Salk. Salk Institute for Biological Studies). † Most of the support he got was from National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis and later became known as the March of Dimes. The founder of this organization was Former presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt who himself had Polio. In 1952 Dr. Salk and his team developed what they considered to be a safe potential polio vaccine. The vaccine was given to volunteers who had not had polio Dr. Salk laboratory staff, his kids and wife all volunteered and had no bad reactions to the vaccine. Then they tested in on a group of children at Watson Home for Crippled children located near Pittsburgh. One million kids between 6 and 9 half received the vaccine the other half got a placebo. On April 12, 1955 at the University of Michigan they announced that the vaccine had proven to be safe and effective. A year later they continued to improve it and began to work with a pharmaceutical company to scale it for a clinical trial and commercial manufacture. Dr. Salk spent most of the last 1950’s refining the vaccine and working on the scientific principles behind the researchers and by 1960 Dr. Salk was ready to move on and create a community of researcher’s to expand and work on other things too including Multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune disease , cancer immunology improving manufacture and standardization of killed polio vaccine and then eventually AIDS. The average number of polio cases in the US was more than 45,000 but by 1962 it was only 910. Dr. Salk never received any money for his discovery. A few year later a vaccine made from live polio virus was developed which could be administered orally Dr. Salk’s originally vaccine had to be injected. Dr. Salk last years were spent searching for a vaccine against AIDS Dr. Salk passed away on June 23, 1995 at the age of 80. A memorial at the Institute with a statement from Salk captures his vision: â€Å"Hope lies in dreams, in imagination and in the courage of those who dare to make dreams into reality. Work cited 1. â€Å"Jonas Salk Biography. †Ã‚  Academy of Achievement. N. p. , 05 Feb. 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. http://www. achievement. org/autodoc/page/sal0bio-1 2. â€Å"Jonas Salk 1914 – 1995. †Ã‚  PBS. PBS, n. d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmsalk. html 3. â€Å"History of Jonas Salk. †Ã‚  Salk Institute – About Salk – History of Salk – About Jonas Salk. Salk Institute for Biological S tudies, n. d. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. http://www. salk. edu/about/jonas_salk. html How to cite Dr. Jonas Salk Polio Vaccine, Papers

Rhetorical Analysis on Benjamin Bannekers Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay Example For Students

Rhetorical Analysis on Benjamin Bannekers Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay Benjamin Banneker wrote this letter to attempt to make the Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, aware of the oppressive and horrifying nature of the slave trade that Bannekers ancestors had been in for generations. Banneker uses tone, ethos, logos, pathos, syntax, juxtaposition, and scheme to sympathize with Jefferson about former hardships to perhaps reach common ground. The tone of the letter is elevated and sympathetic, the sympathetic tone appealing to the pathos of the reader, in this case Thomas Jefferson and the elevated tone appealing to the ethos of the reader. Banneker appeals to ethos by stating that he too has been through horrifying adversities, as Jefferson has, in trying to achieve freedom and independence. This and the use of elevated diction, aids Banneker in establishing himself as a reliable source. He appeals to logos by quoting exact phrases from reliable sources, including Jeffersons own words in the Declaration of Independence (i. e. We hold these truths to be self-evident ) and Jobs words (i. e. put your souls in their souls instead) to further his point. He appeals to pathos by continuously referring to the trials and hardships that Thomas Jefferson and Americans alike had to face in order to gain their freedom (i. e. the American Revolution and independence from England), while, at the same time, relating those hardships to his own brethrens hardships (i. e. the struggle for emancipation of slaves). Bannekers tone in this passage was elevated, formal, and sympathetic. He used an elevated tone in order to appeal to the higher-class society and educated patriots, such as Thomas Jefferson. Banneker uses elevated diction such as fortitude, abhorrence thereof, thus, and brethren to seem educated and civilized and to set a formal tone. He begins many of his phrases with the word sir which was intended to demonstrate his submission to authority. He uses abstract diction to vivify the true horrors and tribulations faced by slaves and add to the sympathetic tone of the letter. Bannekers use of syntax stands out in this passage. His use of syntax is strong because three of the four paragraphs contain a single sentence perhaps showing that these hardships seemed to have no end, but also to build up anticipation, almost forcing the reader to continue. Banneker also used scheme by juxtaposing the two similar situations that both he and Jefferson faced and elaborating on and comparing each. He achieves this by stating that: Jefferson, along with the rest of America at the time, faced the oppression of the British Crown and a variety of threats; and Bannekers brethren faced similar oppression and injustice from the United States government and supporters of the slave trade. Bannekers main purpose for writing this letter to Thomas Jefferson was to bring to light the adversity and trials of the slave community by juxtaposing the similar hardships faced by the audience he was attempting to appeal to, Thomas Jefferson, using: a formal and sympathetic tone; elevated diction; scheme; and appeals to ethos, logos, and pathos.

Great Abortion Topics for an Essay and Questions

Abortion is no doubt one of the most controversial and debatable subject in the modern society. So contentious is the decades-long issue that no group of people can come to a consensus on whether to legalize or abolish it altogether. As such, it’s always recommended that you demonstrate sensitivity and objectivity when analyzing such a topic. For years, students have been tasked with assignments to explore the controversial issue and give their opinions on the subject. Students writing such papers are supposed to look at abortion in different perspectives to explain whether there are any moral, ethical, legal, philosophical, religious or medical concerns. The topic you choose will also be dependent on the type of essay you are writing. An argumentative essay may require a topic that may not fit well in a persuasive, analytical or expository essays. Irrespective of the subject, you have to carry out extensive research to collect the required information that will make your paper stand out Proven Approach on How to Select the Best Abortion Essay Topic? Considering how contentious aborting is, we have contrasting views developed by experts in different backgrounds. Scholars have researched the subject for years, and you can expect to find various topics. One of the ways to explore for a good topic is by examining a broad theme and then narrowing down of a single subject matter. Without in-depth research on the topic under study, your paper won’t have the desired impression on your instructor. The topic is used to formulate your thesis statement and will guide you on the arguments and opinions to include in the essay. Picking a suitable topic for your paper is essential. Students should consider the audience when writing the essay. Besides, a topic should be exciting to entice the reader to continue reading. You will have to explain why you desire to focus on the particular subject and why it is crucial in the study. The best way to do this is by referring to the personal accounts of individuals who have experienced the issue. Since you will have to state your personal views on the topic or subject, ensure you select a topic that you can comfortably argue for or against. Your abortion topic should fall in either the pro-life or pro-choice category. When you have successfully found a good topic, decide on the aspect of the study that may include, religious stance, and health concern, legal or human right issue. List of Abortion Essay Topics- Best Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Ideas To get you started on an abortion essay, we have compiled a list of useful topics that you can borrow to design an outstanding paper. Feel free to explore them to get inspired in tackling the paper. Safety in the operations Contraceptives failures Abortion in an area of choice Religion Financial background Follow up procedures Reliability Medical vs. surgical abortion Gestation period Laws Reasons for abortion Rape or incest Birth control; Gender selection Mental health Abortion Essay Topics Questions: Examples That Can Develop the Discussion The essay will require that you provide answers to a precise question by supporting your claims with factual information. Be sure to remain focused on addressing the problem you seek to highlight in your paper. We have prepared abortion questions as listed below to help you further in crafting your essay. What are the circumstances that would compel a government to order a woman to have an abortion? Where do we draw the line when a mother aborts without consent from the father? Should abortion clinics be allowed to make a profit out of the pregnancy termination? Does making abortion illegal contribute to unsafe backstreet abortion? Should we limit the number of abortion on a woman in their lifetime? Is adoption a viable alternative to abortion? What are the views of abortion in society? What are the side effects of abortion? Should abortion be allowed to rape victims? Do we allow aborting to young school girls? Abortion Essay Topics Ideas: Get Tips and Expert Assistance The polarizing topic of abortion calls upon you express thoughts or views and state whether the subject is a matter of personal freedom or social norms. Note that any opinions on the topic should be backed up supporting information from reliable sources in your paper. When necessary, give evidence or testimonials from recognized authorities to reinforce your arguments. Define your topic carefully to make the reader understand your position on the subject. If you have gone through our topics and questions, but still feel you can’t write an essay on abortion, consider hiring our assistance. 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Blue Whales essays

Blue Whales essays The Blue whale is the largest creature of the sea, in fact, it is the largest creature known to man. Contrary to what most people think, even though Blue whales live in the sea, they are mammals. They breathe air, have their babies born alive and can live anywhere from 30 to 70 years. The Blue whale is a baleen whale, and instead of having teeth, Blue whales have around 300-400 baleen plates in their mouths. They fall under the category of the rorquals, which are the largest of the baleen family. The scientific name of the Blue whale is, Balsenoptera musculus. Key Words: Balaenoptera musculus, Suborder Mysticeti, balaenoptera intermedia, balaenoptera brevicauds, baleen whale, rorqual, calf, sulfur bottom, Sibbalds Rorqual, Great Northern Rorqual, gulpers, blowholes, blubber, oil, keratin, krill, copepods, plankton, orcas, endangered Whales are separated into two groups, the baleen and the toothed whales. The blue whale is the largest baleen whale and the largest animal that ever lived on Earth, including the largest dinosaurs. Baleen are rows of coarse, bristle-like fibers used to strain plankton from the water. Baleen is made of keratin, the same material as our fingernails. They live in pods, the have two blowholes. The blue whale has a 2-14 inch (5-30cm) thick layer of blubber. Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) are baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti). They are one of 76 species and are marine mammals. The Blue whale is called a rorqual, a Norwegian word for furrow referring to the pleated grooves running from its chin to its naval. The pleated throat grooves allow the Blue whales throat to expand during the huge intake of water during filter feeding; they can hold 1,000 tons or more of food and water when fully expanded (Small 1971). Blue whales have 50-70 throat grooves. Blue whales grow up to about 80 feet (25m) long on average, weighing about 120 tons. Th...

What is the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators on the Dissertation

What is the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators on the motivational level of employees - Dissertation Example Intrinsic Factors 24 Table 3 Descriptive Statistics: Extrinsic Factors 26 Table 4 Model Summary 28 Table 5 ANOVA b 29 Table 6 Coefficients a 29 Table 1 Legend for Responses for Close-Ended Statements 18 Table 2 Descriptive Statistics: Intrinsic Factors 24 Table 3 Descriptive Statistics: Extrinsic Factors 27 Table 4 Model Summary 29 Table 5 ANOVA b 30 Table 6 Coefficients a 30 Figure 1 Regression Analysis 30 Figure 1 Regression Analysis 31 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background to the Context The transformed situation of business world where the competition driven industries requires organizations to perform at their best, it is becoming necessary for the organizations to keep their employees motivated (Reich, 2002). This is because employees or human resource of an organization are considered to be the core assets of the organization who are responsible of running the operational activities of the business. The human resource of an organization helps in successful achievement of organ izational goals and objectives by efficient use of its resources. Motivation, as defined by Robbins (1993) is the willingness of the human resource of an orgaznaition to put their best input in order to ensure that the output of their efforts achieves the organizational goals and objectives in an efficient manner. Over the time, organizations and their management has utilized motivation as a tool to bring improvement in the operational mechanisms and maintaining an environment which not only supplements the organizational goals and objectives, but also supports the goals and desires of an individual employee (Shanks, 2007). Considering the importance of motivation for better organizational performance, managers all around the world have identified different motivators to motivate their sub... The essay discusses that the transformed situation of business world where the competition driven industries requires organizations to perform at their best, it is becoming necessary for the organizations to keep their employees motivated. This is because employees or human resource of an organization are considered to be the core assets of the organization who are responsible of running the operational activities of the business. The human resource of an organization helps in successful achievement of organizational goals and objectives by efficient use of its resources. Motivation, as defined by Robbins is the willingness of the human resource of an orgaznaition to put their best input in order to ensure that the output of their efforts achieves the organizational goals and objectives in an efficient manner. Over the time, organizations and their management has utilized motivation as a tool to bring improvement in the operational mechanisms and maintaining an environment which not only supplements the organizational goals and objectives, but also supports the goals and desires of an individual employee. Considering the importance of motivation for better organizational performance, managers all around the world have identified different motivators to motivate their sub ordinates and colleagues. These methods are sub divided into two categories, i.e. the intrinsic motivators and extrinsic motivators, which will be discussed in the later chapter in detail.

Continuous Professional Development Portfolio Assignment

Continuous Professional Development Portfolio - Assignment Example 13). All resources needed to implement the activities outlined in the plan need to be well sourced. Commitment to the plan needs to be shown by the individual in order for professional and personal development opportunities to be realised. If by any chance, an individual is not committed to executing outlined development activities, improving his skills and knowledge is very difficult, and vice versa. In this report, I am going to outline my own personal and professional strengths and weaknesses, and strategies to improve them. I am an Omani by nationally, and was born in a place known as Sultanate of Oman. I am aged 30 years and married. I am a statistics specialist and teacher by profession. I have been very successful in my academic career. Currently, I am studying an English course at the University of Salford, United Kingdom. I have a bachelor degree in education and a third certificate secondary school certificate. I have been lucky to work in a number of schools that have been instrumental in my professional development. Having opportunities to exercise my personal skills and knowledge has played a significant role in the process of improving my competencies. My skills and knowledge in the education, statistics and administration field has played a significant role in enabling me secure various employment opportunities. In all my workplaces, I have always emerged as the best employee and leader. From 3rd November to present, I am employed as a Statistician at the ministry of civil service in Oman. My roles and duties are as outlined below; I have also had a good experience in managing workforce, working as an assistant human resource manager. I used to manage employees in a friendly manner, hence the reason why my team used to realise set goals and objectives within the set period of time. As a HR profession, my roles and responsibilities were; I have been able to gain a number of work skills in my career development and experience. Skills

Small group communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small group communication - Essay Example That first group meeting allowed some frank discussions where we talked about what we wanted to achieve as a group, how we would achieve our goals and objectives, and what things we could put into place to ensure that we remained on track. Also, one thing that we did to loosen the tension in our group was to go on a fun outing so that we could get to know one another in an informal situation. We decided to go out to a bowling alley and get to know each other a little better. We did not even talk about the project that we had to do; the whole focus was on bonding with one another. I would say that the norms developing in my group are a good thing. We have a certain amount of respect for each other yet we can also get on really well too. I think that we are in the norming stage now because everyone is the group knows their role and what they need to do to contribute towards the groups success. My typical role in any group is to act more like a motivator. I am not really a leadership type person so I prefer to take a backseat role and let others dictate the agenda of the group. I will use my friendly personality to encourage others to remain upbeat and do what is required of them for the groups sake. My behavior is very much influenced by others in my group for this class. Because they are focused and driven to succeed, this has also rubbed off on me and know I share the same feelings. I have noticed that my work ethic has picked up as I see my fellow team members working as hard as they can to help the group. My behavior has influenced my group members because I have really tried to help them to relax. When we first started working together I noticed that some of my team members were really stressed. I wanted to get them to relax and be calm because a team can work better if they can laugh once in a while and joke

Relationship Between Naxalism and Psychology

Relationship Between Naxalism and Psychology General Psychological operation is as old as war. It has formed a part of the conflict resolution process since the ancient times. CH Brewitt Taylor in his translation of a Chines text as San Kuo or Romance of the three kingdom, observes that, as early as in AD 2000 a group of pro Han loyalists combined basic elements of psychological instrument, in conflict resolution. Kautalya and Sun Tzu also enumerated the importance of psychology as an instrument of war. One could also postulate that the institution of reward and punishments, in amongst other things, as being a psychological motivator. Naxalism on the other hand is basically about convincing people by psychological means using violence or threat of violence as a tool. It belongs in the realms of psychological and mental attitude of all the people involved. Thus, when naxals perpetuate violence they expect reactions of all concerned. If reactions are not forthcoming, naxalism will collapse for want of effect. This is an oversimplification of a solution for naxalism. Actions, violent or otherwise, are bound to elicit reactions from the victims, the onlookers or the sate apparatus. The question than is what should be the reaction to naxal acts? While no single method is likely to yield results, psychological operations would have a major impact. The fact that naxalism is a problem in the psychological plane, the solution should also lie in the same plane. The naxals uses violence for propaganda and in turn the government seeks to control naxalism through repressive means. The collateral consequence is the public displeasure. What needs to be considered is that the very nature of naxal violence often seems counterproductive in that it tends to strengthen resistance, provide public outrage and dislike, generate strong public perception of naxals to be inhuman, which undermines the naxals claims to legitimacy. Therefore, understanding the naxals, the victims, the onlookers and the counter terrorist force from the psychological point of view becomes important. Consequently, counter propaganda campaign and other psychological operations assume primacy to maintain or extend support to the regime and diminish that for the naxals. Statement of the Problem Naxalism has wide spread in last five years in a big way posing a major  challenge to our national security. In addition to relentless anti Naxal  operations being undertaken and development of affected areas there is a need  for perception management of all key players involved by employing suitable  psychological operation themes so as to cut off local support to the Naxalites  there by forcing them to give up arms and join the national mainstream.   This dissertation will seek to establish the linkages between naxalism and psychology with a view to analyse impact of psychological operations on dealing with naxalism Justification for the Study Naxalism today has gained universality. This social plague while physical in most of its manifestations is actually firmly entrenched in the mental plane. Responses to naxalism, particularly in the Indian context, have been unstructured without a long-term design. The issue has been viewed either as a law and order problem or in the other end of the spectrum, as a political problem. Added to the complexity of naxalism, we have today in our country, on going war like low intensity conflict in J K, insurgency in the Northeast and political groups of Naxalites and fundamental organisations like SIMI. However, our response to each of these groups has been identical repressive measures. No effort is made to understand the ideology of the groups. A clear understanding of the cause of the groups and characteristics of each would enable application of distinct strategy to combat them. Scope The dissertation will lay emphasis on naxalism and its field of influence. It is presumed that the dictates of psychological operations, with minor modifications would find application in all other forms of terrorism. HYPOTHESIS Employment of suitable Psychological Operation Themes for perception management of all key players in addition to relentless use of force and development activities is the key to solving the problem of Naxalism in India. Preview The dissertation will endeavour to establish the correlation of naxalism and psychological dimensions of naxals. Having done so, the impact and importance of psychological operations on combating naxalites will be crystallised. The study will encompass: (a) Analyses of reasons for spread of Naxalism. (b) Current strategy of Government in dealing with Naxalism. (c) Identification of Targets for conduct of Psychological operations . (d) Suggested Themes. Sources of Data The data used in this dissertation has been obtained from books and magazines available in the College library and personal experiences of operating in Counter Insurgency environment. The bibliography is at appendix. CHAPTER 2 Step by Step, almost imperceptibly, mankind has descended into the age of terror. Paul Johnson GENESIS OF NAXALISM Naxalism derives its name from a small village Naxalbari in Siliguri District of West Bengal, where the oppressed landless farmers rose against the exploitation by the wealthy landlords. The Naxalites, despite their  ideology, have over the years become  just another terrorist outfit, extorting money from landowners. There are concerns that there is a plan to set up a Red Corridor or a Compact Revolutionary Zone extending from Nepal , Bihar , Jharkhand , through the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh to Andhra Pradesh. Apathetic Government Policy; Consolidation and Spread of the Movement The Government, however, classified these as socio-economic and law and order problems and not as possible internal security threats. Thus, a myopic view of the issue was taken and long term effects or intentions of the movement were ignored. The formation of The Communist Party of India (Maoist), an underground outfit on September 21, 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) and the Maoist Communist Centre(MCC) was the biggest breakthrough in recent times. The map below, displays the spread of Naxal activity in India from 55 districts in the middle of the year 2003.   In addition to the 131 districts currently under the influence of the Naxalites, and the additional 34 districts that are being targeted by them, there are at least another 63 districts in the country variously afflicted by different patterns of ethnic or communal terrorism and insurgency. This takes the number of districts afflicted by terrorism and insurgency to 228, out a total of 602 districts in the country. More than a third of the country is, consequently, suffering from high degrees of present or potential disorder. CURRENT STATUS Expansion and Consolidation A total of 39 left wg extremist gps are known to exist, of which the PWG and MCC are the two main gps. These two gps have maj ideological differences, yet in order to have greater influence and bargaining power they announced the merger on 21 Sep 04 to form the Communist Party of India CPI (Maoist). Naxalism has spread to 170 dists of 15 states in varying deg. It is esmt that CPI (Maoist) has approx 7000 cadres of which 3000 are hardcore and well trained in GW. Dandakaryna and Abhujmadh Naxalites op in the very heartland of India, known as the Dandakaryna region which spreads over Chhattisgarh, Orissa, AP, Maharastra and MP. The heart of this region is the thickly forested area of Abhujmadh which is approx 10,000 sq kms. This area till date has not been surveyed by the Svy of India. Nearly 20,000 tribal families live in this area in 237 vills in the most primitive manner. There are no rds or electricity in this area. The Naxalites treat it as a totally liberated area and a large No. of trg and lgs camps are loc inside. It is the nerve centre of all Naxalite activities to incl Central Committee and Politburo mtgs. Compact Revolutionary Zone (CRZ) The Maoist of Nepal, PWG and MCC are determined to carve out what they call as the CRZ extending from Nepal through Bihar and then to Dandakaryna region upto Tamil Nadu to give them access to Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. This Red corridor is characterized by thick jungles, tribal belts and under devp region spread over nearly 13 states of the country and Nepal. The Naxalites and Maoists of Nepal use this corridor for mov of arms and est of trg and rest camps. FACTORS SUSTAINING THE MOV In order to find a response to the problem of Naxalism, it is essential to understand the fundamental causes and the factors which are sustaining the mov. Land Reforms. Majority of the people emp in agriculture are landless and poor, they aspire to possess land and this has resulted in a struggle against the rich and powerful landlords. Naxalites exploit this sentiment and have found favour among the tribals. Ideology. The ideology works at two levels :- (a) The Informed and Knowledgeable. The well educated and knowledgeable join the mov attracted by the Marxist, Leninist and Maoist philosophy. They provide the ldrship. (b) The Instinctive Revolutionaries. Majority of the Naxals join the mov to find an escape from the oppression and expl at the hands of landlords, govt officials and police forces. These people constitute bulk of the cadre and are normally ignorant about ideology. Tribal Policies. British adopted the policy of Isolation of Tribals in order to preserve their uniqueness and cultures but we continue to follow their policy in the name of preservation. This has led to neglect, under devp and expl of the tribals. New Forest Policy. The forest areas have been notified under Forest Regulatory Act thus denying the tribals their traditional means of livelihood. Lack of Infrastructure Devp. The areas affected by the naxal mov are very rich in forest and mineral resources and yet has not seen any infrastructure devp. The lack of rds, brs, power, industry etc has left the area under devp and poor. Inadequate Governance. In many of these areas there is no governance at all. The civ adm just do not exist. The govt officials do not vis these areas and hence the grants, funds and schemes announced by the govt are never implemented. This has allowed the Naxalites to run a parallel govt in these areas. The prac of holding Jan Adalats, land distr, constr of irrigation facilities, tax collection by the Naxals is very common. Favourable Trn Jungles and Hills. The area selected by the Naxalites spreading from Nepal to Tamil Nadu is a thickly forested. This makes the task of the police forces that much difficult. Financial Sp. The CPI (Maoist) genr approx Rs 500 to Rs 700 crores annually. This money is spent on payment to its cadres, purchase of arms and amn, running of frontal org and institutions. The main source of funds is through extortion of wealthy industrialists, contractors, govt agencies and officials, looting of banks and by collecting taxes. RAMIFICATIONS OF NAXALITE PROBLEM Naxalism has the potential to become a major IS threat to India in the next four years, say by 2014, if serious efforts are not undertaken to challenge and eliminate it. The main reasons are:- (a) Effects of Merger Fmn of CPI (Maoist). The merger will have following implications :- (i) Larger Foot Print. CPI (Maoists) has now emerged as the dominant LWE gp. It is forcing the other 37 LWE gps to either join CPI (Maoist) or be prepared to be eliminated. (ii) Enhanced Bargaining Power. As a dominant gp, it will have a far greater bargaining power with the govts in states and centre and try to legitimize its existence, policies and representation. (iii) Credible Mil Wg. It is estimated that the merger would increase the cadre str from 7,000 to approx 12 to 14,000. (iv) Financial Str. The merger would have great impact on finances of the org taking it from 150 to 200 crores to nearly 700 crores annually. (b) Recognition and World Wide Visibility. The Naxals are trying desperately to find a voice in international forums so as to get world wide recognition and acceptance. (c) North South and East West Corridor. A disturbing, pattern emerges if one were to look at the districts currently under the influence of the Naxalites. They might soon gain a continuous presence along the length and breadth of the country and thus carve out a north-south and east-west corridor.   naxalitPART 3 : se Current strategy of Government in dealing with Naxalism. To fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence, supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemys resistance without fighting SunTzuezpolicy comprise the following the Government will deal sternly with the naxalites n(ii) Keeping in view that naxalism is not merely a law order problem, the  policy of the Govt., is to address this menace simultaneously on  strategy STRATEGY TO DEAL WITH NAXALISM The Government has a clearly defined policy to combat the challenge  posed by the naxalite menace. This policy comprises the following  components: (i) The Government will deal sternly with the naxalites indulging in  violence. (ii) Keeping in view that naxalism is not merely a law order problem, the  policy of the Govt., is to address this menace simultaneously on  political, security, development and public perception management  fronts in a holistic manner. (iii) Naxalism being an inter-state problem, the states will adopt a collective  approach and pursue a coordinated response to counter it. (iv) The states will need to further improve police response and pursue  effective and sustained police action against naxalites and their  infrastructure individually and jointly. (v) There will be no peace dialogue by the affected states with the naxal  groups unless the latter agree to give up violence and arms. (vi) Political parties must strengthen their cadre base in naxal affected areas  so that the potential youth there can be weaned away from the path of  naxal ideology. (vii) The states from where naxal activity/influence, and not naxal violence,  is reported should have a different approach with special focus on  accelerated socio-economic development of the backward areas and  regular interaction with NGOs, intelligentia, civil liberties groups etc.  to minimize overground support for the naxalite ideology and activity. (viii) Efforts will continue to be made to promote voluntary local resistance  groups against naxalites but in a manner that the villagers are provided  adequate security cover and the area is effectively dominated by the  security forces. (ix) Mass media should be extensively used to highlight the futility of naxal  ideology and violence and loss of life and property caused by it and  developmental schemes of the Government in the affected areas so as  to restore peoples faith and confidence in the Government machinery. (x) The states should announce a suitable transfer policy for the naxal  affected districts. Willing, committed and competent officers will need  to be posted with a stable tenure in the naxal affected districts. These  officers will also need to be given greater delegation and flexibility to  deliver better and step up Government presence and above all improve  governance in these areas. (xi) The Government of Andhra Pradesh has an effective surrender and  rehabilitation policy for naxalites and has produced good results over  the years. The other states should adopt a similar policy. (xii) The State Governments will need to accord a higher priority in their  annual plans to ensure faster socio-economic development of the naxal  affected areas. The focus areas should be to distribute land to the  landless poor as part of the speedy implementation of land reforms,  ensure development of physical infrastructure like roads,  communication, power etc. and provide employment opportunities to  the youth in these areas. (xiii) Another related issue is that development activities are not undertaken  in some of the naxalite affected areas mainly due to extortion, threat or  fear from the naxalite cadres. In these areas, even contractors are not  coming forward to take up developmental work. Adequate security and  other measures would need to be taken to facilitate uninterrupted  developmental activities in the naxal affected areas. (xiv) The Central Government will continue to supplement the efforts and  resources of the affected states on both security and development fronts  and brings about greater coordination between the states to successfully  tackle the problem. 5. COUNTER MEASURES While the overall counter action by the affected states in terms of naxalites killed, arrested, surrendered and arms recovered from them has shown much better results in 2005, there is an urgent need to further improve and strengthen police response particularly by the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Maharashtra by improving actionable intelligence collection and sharing mechanisms and strengthening their police forces on the pattern of Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh. Even as the states of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to some extent, need to sustain their present momentum of effective counter action against the naxalites and their infrastructure. The Government has taken the following measures to control the naxal problem. Modernization of State Police Funds are given to the States under the Police Modernization Scheme to modernize their police forces in terms of modern weaponry, latest communication equipment, mobility and other infrastructure. The naxal affected States have also been asked to identify vulnerable police stations and outposts in the naxal areas and take up their fortification under the Scheme. However, some of the States need to improve the level of utilization of funds under the Scheme. Revision of Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme in February, 2005. The level of reimbursement under the Scheme has been raised from 50% to 100% and new items like insurance scheme for police personnel, community policing, rehabilitation of surrendered naxalites, expenditure incurred on publicity to counter propaganda of naxalites, other security related items not covered under the Police Modernization Scheme etc., have been covered. The Scheme also allows release of funds to the naxal affected States as advance. It is hoped that the revised scheme will enable higher level of utilization of funds under this Scheme. Supply of Mine Protected Vehicles Keeping in view the increased casualties of police personnel due to IED/land mine blasts, the naxal affected States have been provided Mine Protected Vehicles (MPVs) under the Police Modernization Scheme. Their supply has been streamlined by taking up the matter with the Chairman, Ordinance Factory Board. Long-term deployment of Central Para Military Forces In order to supplement the efforts of the States in providing an effective response to the naxal violence, Central Para Military Forces have been deployed on a long-term basis as requested by the affected States. The Central Government has also exempted the states from the payment of cost of deployment of these forces for a period of three years from 1-7-2004 involving an amount of nearly Rs. 1,100 crores. India Reserve Battalions The naxal affected States have been sanctioned India Reserve (IR) battalions mainly to strengthen security apparatus at their level as also to enable the States to provide gainful employment to the youth, particularly in the naxal areas. Recently, additional IR battalions have also been approved for the naxal affected States. The Central Government will now provide Rs. 20.75 crores per IR battalion as against the earlier amount of Rs. 13 crores per battalion. The States have been asked to expedite raising of these battalions. Deployment of SSB along Indo-Nepal Border In order to ensure that there is no spillover effect of the activities of Nepalese Maoists to our territory, SSB has been given the responsibility to guard Indo-Nepal Border. The Government has also recently sanctioned new raisings for the SSB to further improve management of borders in these areas. A modernization plan involving an outlay of Rs.444 crores has also been sanctioned for the SSB. Recruitment in Central Para Military Forces In order to wean away the potential youth from the path to militancy or naxalism, recruitment guidelines have been revised to permit 40% recruitment in Central Para Military Forces from the border areas and areas affected by militancy or naxalism. Backward Districts Initiative (BDI) Since the naxalite menace has to be addressed on the developmental front also, the Central Government has provided financial assistance of Rs. 2,475 crores for 55 naxal affected districts in the 9 States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh West Bengal under the Backward Districts Initiative (BDI) component of the Rsahtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY). Under this Scheme, an amount of Rs. 15 crores per year has been given to each of the districts for three years so as to fill in the critical gaps in physical and social development in the naxal affected areas. The Planning Commission has been requested to include other naxal affected areas under their proposed Scheme of Backward Regions Grant Funds (BRGF) for which an outlay of Rs. 5,000 crores has been set apart from this fiscal year (2005-06) onwards. Tribal and Forest elated issues In order to address the areas of disaffection among the tribals, the Government has introduced the Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill, 2005, in Parliament on 13.12.2005. Further, to facilitate social and physical infrastructure in the forest areas, Ministry of Environment and Forests has, as requested by the MHA, issued general approval to allow such infrastructure by utilising upto 1 hectare of forest land for non-forest purposes. That Ministry has also permitted upgradation of kutcha roads constructed prior to 01.09.1980 into pucca roads. Effective implementation of land reforms and creation of employment opportunities in the naxal areas Naxal groups have been raising mainly land and livelihood related issues. If land reforms are taken up on priority and the landless and the poor in the naxal areas are allotted surplus land, this would go a long way in tackling the developmental aspects of the naxal problem. The States have been requested to focus greater attention on this area as also accelerate developmental activities and create employment opportunities in the naxal affected areas with special focus on creation of physical infrastructure in terms of roads, communication, power as also social infrastructure such as schools, hospitals etc. 6. MONITORING MECHANISMS The Central Government accords a very high priority to review and monitor the naxal situation and the measures being taken by the states on both security and development fronts to control it. Several monitoring mechanisms have been set up at the Center to do so. These include a periodical review by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) Of the naxal situation, Standing Committee of the Chief Ministers of the naxal affected states chaired by the Union Home Minister, Quarterly Coordination Center meetings chaired by the Union Home Secretary with the Chief Secretaries and the Directors General of Police of the affected states and the monthly Task Force meetings of Nodal Officers of naxal affected states/Central agencies chaired by Special Secretary (IS), MHA. The states have also been asked to hold a monthly review by the DGP and the naxal situation and the measures and strategies to contain the naxal problem . 7. CONCLUSION The Central Government views the naxalite menace as an area of serious concern. The Government remains firmly committed and determined to address the problem. The current strategy is (i) to strengthen intelligence set-up at the state level; (ii) pursue effective and sustained intelligence driven police action against naxalites and their infrastructure individually and jointly by the states and (iii) accelerate development in the naxal affected areas. The Central Government will continue to coordinate and supplement the efforts to the state governments on both security and development fronts to meet the challenge posed by the naxal problem. PART IV: CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF  PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS The essential function of psychological operation is to insure peace and avoidance of human suffering due to war. Raj Narain General Liuebarger states that Psychological Warfare is waged before, during and after war, it is not waged against the opposing psychological warfare operators, it is not controlled by the laws, usage and customs of war and it cannot be defined in terms of terrain, order of battle, or named engagements. It is a continuous process. Success or failure is often known only months or years after the execution of the operation. Yet, success, though incalculable can be overwhelming and failure, though undetectable can be mortal. Statecraft instruments of economic and military interventions are physical and measurable. The instrument of diplomacy and psychology are obstructs which dwell in the realm of intellectual and emotional state of mankind. These instruments are used to win the hearts and mind. History of Psychological Operations One of the earliest know application of the art of psychological warfare was Gideons use of the lamp and pitchers in the battle against Midianites in 1245 BC. This type of use of unfamiliar instruments to incite panic in the enemy is common in the  history of warfare. In China, Empire usurper Wsng Mang tried to destroy the Hunnish  tribes. Han military emperor used animals to scare away the enemy. In about the same time, AD 2000, a group of loyalist pro Han rebels issued a proclamation on the eve of a military operation, which is even today the essence of psychological operation. The proclamation included: Naming the specific enemy. Appeal to the better people. Sympathy for the common people. Claim of support for the legitimate government. Affirmation of ones own strength and high morale. Invocation of unity. Appeal to religion. Probably, this was the first authentic structured psychological operations dictum. These forms a part of a text in Chinese, titled Chung, San Kuo Chih Yen-I by Lo Kuan translated as San Kuo or Romance of the three kingdom, by Brewitt Taylor. The concepts of psychological warfare are found in the writings of Herodotus the Greek historian. Ghenghis Khan during his campaign into South Eastern Europe used agents to propagate stories of the size of the army to magnify his strength in the minds of the enemy. In the Byzantine Empire, whole battalions were made to change uniforms and appear in front of select audiences in an attempt to exaggerate numbers. Closer home, the Ramayan and Mahabharat have vivid example of Psychological Warfare in the form of misinformation and guile, the killing of Abhimanyu and Drona being two such examples. The publication of Hebertss The Psychology of the Battlefield (1897) though still born, was the forerunner of modern psychological warfare. It was in World War I, to incite the challenge of soldiers leaving the battlefield, that psychological warfare saw  its true advent in the modern battlefield. During the inter war period the study in this field continued. Particularly, the Germans effort in establishing a Psychological Genera Staff Group which worked on themes such as leadership, selection, indoctrination, relation between officer and soldiers, homesickness, suicide, sex, the treatment of eccentrics, cowardice, desertion etc. The psychology of combat included work on aggression, morale, fear isolation and panic. During World War II military psychology was in centre stage. It saw application in the battlefield, on own troops as also on the warring nations civilian population. All this time, application of psychological operation in terrorism and other forms of low intensity conf lict have been unstructured. While a lot of work in this field is being carried out, no formalised stratagem has evolved. Definition of Psychological Operations Liuebarger defines psychological warfare as the use of propaganda against an army, together with such other operational measures of military, economic or political nature as may be required to supplement propaganda. Indian Army glossary is more apt in defining psychological operations It is the planned use of propaganda and other measures, designed to influence the opinions, emotions, attitude and behaviour of enemy, neutrals or friendly groups, in support of current policy and aims, or of a military plan. Need for Psychological Operations Even in territorial states the menace of terrorism cannot be wiped out by state muscle power alone, but reconciling with the political, cultural, economic aspirations of minorities. It would only than be feasible to isolate the misguided terrorist from public sympathy and social mainstream. West German GSG 9 strategy to hunt down Boader Mainboff group was kill the killer and it failed. The lack of success of GSG 9 was mainly due to the fact that Boader-Mainboff Group was small with little or no mass support, however, GSG 9 also did not find public acceptance of the strategy adopted. Terrorism uses the plank of psychology to gain acceptance of their cause. Therefore, countering the psychological impact of terrorism and strengthening the fortitude of the people to resist and fight terrorism are the most significant aspects of overall operations against terrorism. In the grand strategy of a campaign against terrorism, success in this sphere is more vital than even the police operations. The very nature of anti terrorist operations results in a number of counter productive consequences: Disproportionate use of force levels. Repressive methods leading to loss of civil liberties and in some cases fundamental rights. Injury and even loss of life of innocents. Extensive physical damage and more harmfully damage to the very socio-economic fabric of a society. The alternative strategy is the use of psychological operation as a compliment to reduce the virulence of military operations. Psychological operations have some distinct advantages in combating terrorism. As enumerated by Liuebarger, these are:- (a) Bring to attention of the soldier those elements of the human mind, which are usually kept out of sight. Convert lust to resentment, friction to distrust, prejudice to fury. (b) Set up techniques for finding out how the enemy really feel. Some of the worst blunders of history have arisen from miscalculation of the enemies state of mind. Help in maintaining sense of mission and of proportion. Examine the best media, timing and tone. Psychological operations are non-aggressive and non-lethal in nature. Unlike p

The Signigicance of the Scaffold Scenes in the Scarlet Letter Essay

The Signigicance of the Scaffold Scenes in the Scarlet Letter The three scaffold scenes bring great significance to the plot of the Scarlet Letter. The novel is based on repenting the sins of adultery. The scaffold represents a place of shame and pity but also of final triumphs. Each scene illustrates the importance of the scaffold behind them with many potent similarities and differences. In the first scaffold scene Hester Prynne is depicted standing alone while clutching her baby. She has been sentenced to the scaffold for three hours to face public condemnation. In the Puritan society, where this novel is set, public shame is a source of entertainment. On this occasion the townspeople are present to watch the judgment of Hester. As the townspeople are ridiculing her, the narrator is praising Hester for her untamed but lady like beauty (60-61). The narrator goes so far as to compare her to â€Å"Divine Maternity† or Mother Mary, the ideal woman, the woman that is looked highly upon by the whole Puritan society (63). However, the conditions are set up to show the change in Hester due to isolation and discredit of the Puritan society. Throughout this scene the Puritans are condemning Hester for her sin as the narrator is condemning the Puritans for their severity. Many years later, in desperation for a remedy to cure his tortured soul, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale takes to the scaffold where Hester had once suffered her shame. He is envious of the public nature of her ...

Compare and contrast the 1963 and 1990 version of ‘Lord Of The Flies’ Essay

In this essay I will be compare and contrast the 1963 and the 1990 version of ‘Lord Of The Flies’. I will be exploring the two films to see which is better at helping students to understand the central theories of Golding’s original novel. Peter Brook’s version was made in 1963, had a British cast and was filmed in black and white. He took an assembly of schoolboys to the Caribbean island of Vieques for three months and then got them to act out the book with very little direction from Brook himself. This may be because he wanted the film to look realistic and not staged. Harry Hook’s American, technicolour version was produced in 1990 and included characters who were not in the original novel. There are a number of differences between the two films. In the ‘Lord Of The Flies’ novel, Golding makes sure that no adults are present, aside from the dead parachutist. However in the 1990 version, a fatally ill pilot is present amongst the children. We are also never told about the boys’ homes or past in the book, whereas in Hook’s version the boys gossip about Jack’s military record and the time he drove off in an army car. At the beginning of Hook’s version, the boys are all members of the Sea Cadets and therefore are familiar with each other whereas in Brook’s version, the boys are meeting each other for the very first time. Nearing the end of the 1963 version, the chants used at Simon’s death are from the original novel, ‘kill the pig, cut his throat, spill his blood’. Conversely in Hook’s version they recite chants that are remembered from their training at the Cadets. The beast is a major theme in Golding’s original novel. It is the manifestation of the boys’ innermost fears of the evil that resides inside themselves. The video versions treat the beast in different ways. In Hook’s version the idea of a beast is introduced through Jack as he is telling stories around a campfire. In Brooks’ version, the little boys with the birthmark introduces the beast, saying he has seen a monster in the jungle. Both films portray Ralph as a good-looking, tall boy. This is why the children warm to him and elect him leader, whereas Jack, whose is ‘ugly without silliness’, is overlooked. This is an issue in everyday life where good-looking people are more socially accepted than ugly people. An example of this is how magazines always display attractive models. Towards the end of both films, Ralph is being hunted like a pig as the boys set fire to the island hoping to corner him. As soon as he reaches the beach the naval officer appears, showing a sign of authority. At the beginning of both films Ralph is admired by the boys, but slowly loses respect through his inability to offer the same fun as Jack does. This shows that children overlook maturity and responsibility when there is an option to have a good time. Jack is represented in the same way in both films. He shows anger and impatience from the start of the film. When he fails in his attempt to challenge Ralph for leadership, his thirst for power overflows as he sets up his own tribe. His tribe is of a dictatorship nature and refer to Jack as the chief, obeying his every command. Hook’s film shows Jack turning savage faster, wearing more face paint than in Brook’s version. Piggy’s unfortunate quality are the subject of the other boys’ scorn; his asthma, fatness and poor eyesight, with his glasses being a visual symbol. They are symbolic of man’s insight or lack of it, where there are no rules of society to control behaviour. Piggy is not afraid to express his opinions, but is never taken seriously because he is fat, short sighted and has a different accent. These qualities add up to someone who fails to fit in with the rest of the boys. Ralph, however, is tall, fair, and good-looking, speaking in a cultured way (the same as the others). Nevertheless Ralph does not possess the real brains that Piggy does, which causes his downfall and lets Jack get away with murder. From this, one is led to believe that humans are shallow and fail to look beyond the visual exterior of man. Simon is depicted as the silent boy in both films. He is likened to Jesus and is killed, just as Jesus died on the cross. The new technology available in 1990 made Hook’s version gorier. Simon never finds the courage to express his thoughts and emotions, and therefore is looked upon as an outsider like Piggy. The human mind needs to be constantly nurtured to prevent it from turning against others. Children need a higher figure to maintain peace and harmony, ensuring them that their biggest fears are in fact figments of their imagination (for example monsters under the bed). When there is no higher authority, undeveloped minds do not think of others. They do not live their lives considerately. Instead, they act on their instincts and are quick to blame an outsider for their own fears. This is how the beast becomes an issue on the island, as even the older boys begin to doubt their common sense. Rather than rationally thinking the problem out, the boys begin to fear this imaginary beast. The only boy that realises the truth is Simon, who understands that the beast is the boys’ inner fear, physically manifested. Authority is also a major issue in both films, more so in Hook’s version, where the boys lose sight of civilisation quicker. The conch is symbolic of the law and is used to call order in the beginning. However as the boys are replaced by their savage primitive selves, the conch loses all significance. The smashing of the conch shows the crumbling of the walls of society. The two films are aimed at similar audiences, both children and adults alike. Brooks’ version was appropriate for its time and so lacked the elements of the modern film. Hook’s version showed effects that were relevant to modern times, which made it more appealing to children in society today. The language in both films had to be different to appeal to the target audience. For example, in Brooks’ version Piggy calls Jack and his tribe, ‘a pack of painted niggers’. This would be deemed as racist in society today. In the same way, Hook’s version uses words of profanity that would have been unacceptable in 1963. Both directors have used different technical effects in their film versions of the novel, such as camera angles, music, make up/costume, photography/lighting and direction. Brooks used music at the crucial points of the films. When Simon died, religious music was played to make the audience think of holy things. Brooks’ version contained not much stage direction, as he wanted the film to appear realistic and not staged. However there were not many camera angles. More mid shots and less angle shots were taken. In 1963 there wasn’t the technology to filter light. Brooks’ version used make up well. The savages were easily distinguishable from Ralph’s group, and the war paint on Jack’s tribe was realistic, as if natural. The music used in Hook’s version was sincere and genuine. The music was dramatic and the mood changed throughout the film. At the start it was jolly as the boys were only just discovering the island, whereas near the end the music was reflective upon all the destruction the boys had caused. At the time of Simon’s death, a low, mournful type of music was played while as Piggy died, silence reigned. This gave the audience the impression that the death of Piggy symbolised the complete destruction of civilisation. It gave them a chance to think about how the boys had gone from mindless games to murder. Stage direction were used in accordance to the novel and was therefore noticeably better. Due to technology a wider variety of camera angles were used. There were many close-ups of the war paint on the savages, truly showing how society had crumbled. Mid shots signified the passing of time. Subjective shots were taken during Ralph’s chase, which led to the effect that Ralph was the only sane boy left being chased by savage brutes. In Hook’s version the lighting was clear. He was able to control the amount of light he wanted cast onto each individual scene, which was not possible during the time of Brooks’ film. The fact that the film was in colour added to the effect on the costume and the blood on the hunters. The effects mentioned above help us to understand and interpret the novel. They tell us about time passed on the island and the gradual deterioration of the boys’ sense of law and order. I have concluded that Brooks’ version of the film would be more helpful for students of the text. His film was made only nine years after the book was published and therefore used the same language of the period. Hook’s version was made in 1990, and was vastly different. Society had greatly changed in forty years. The language used was completely different. The American actors meant that the vocabulary used was different from the novel. This film contained many characters that were not in the original novel, which could have led to confusion for students studying the text. Brook’s version showed more relevance to the script. The events occurred in the same sequence as the book. Children of today would have found Hook’s version more entertaining, seeing as there was more blood, gore and profanity. However it would not aid them in the study of the text as much as Brook’s version could.

Polish Culture.Doc Essays

Polish Culture.Doc Essays Polish Culture.Doc Essay Polish Culture.Doc Essay The Family cultures tend to be hierarchical and power-oriented. Furthermore, they are high context and the relationship Is diffuse. * The Eiffel Tower cultures are role-oriented, the rules and procedures are clear and very strict. What Is more. Order and predictability are very important. (Trampers and Williams, 2003). * The Guided Missile cultures tend to be task-oriented and low centralized. Achievement and effectiveness are weighed above the demands of authority, procedures, or people (ibid). This culture is individualistic, people often change teams and tasks ND are very enthusiastic about their work. * The Incubator cultures are highly individualistic, flexible with commitment to oneself and professional recognition (ibid). This culture is person-oriented. 2. 3. 1. Relationship with others Second set of dimensions outlined by Trampers is mainly based on people s relationships with each other and includes: 1. Universalism 2. Specific 3. Individualism 4. Achievement 5. Neutral Particulars Defuse relationships Collectivism Ascription Affective Relationships 3. Analysis of Polish culture 4. 2. Introduction unfortunately there are no clear evidence showing the affinity of the Polish culture to any of the dimensions mentioned above and therefore the following analysis will be mostly based on my personal experience and supported by additional data. 1 . 3. 4. 1. 4. 2. Corporate Culture It could be suggested that Poland is a Family Culture with some features centralists Tort ten I lower cultures. Hearst all tenure Is a clear annularly In most of the Polish companies as well as in families, typical for the Eiffel Tower cultures. It is usual in Polish schools to emphasize the importance of parents in their childrens education. For example I remember my parents receiving congratulation letter for my personal achievements. 4. 3. Relationship with others To move on to the second set of dimensions distinguished by Trampers I assume that Poles tend to be more particularistic. It means that they often put relationships above rules and regulations. This dimension is common amongst rural (catholic) cultures like Poland. For example Polish president, Lech Sacking, has recently forgiven a group of young people who murdered a man tormenting local citizens. It shows that Poland has deep-rooted particularistic. On the other hand, I have observed an increasing popularity in contract signing recently which is characteristic for universalistic cultures. Secondly, Poles tend to be more diffuse in relationships, which means that they often link work with private lives. Use of titles is obligatory, calling someone older by his/her first name is often seen as an insult. Thirdly, based on my personal experience I would say that Polish citizens tend to be more individualistic. As Trampers suggested 74 % of Polish interviewee preferred to be left alone to get the Job done. Personally, I feel more motivated working on my own and often receive better results. It may be surprising that a previously communist country, where collectivism was the main philosophy has changed so dramatically. In my opinion Poles were not able to communicate their authentic values and behaviors and were perceived through the eyes of its invaders. Moreover, Polish culture characterizes ascription. The status depends on age, gender and social position. Poles often use titles and value hierarchy. For example almost every application form in Poland requires specific address titles such as doctor, professor and engineer. On the other hand, I would say that young generation is becoming ore achievable, which means that they prefer to be valued by what they do instead of who they are. Apart from that Poland is certainly an affective culture, a culture where expressing emotions is perceived as a norm . According to Wickerworks and Karakas 85 % of interviewee answered that emotions should be expressed immediately by verbal and non-verbal communication. Interrupting each other in Poland is sometimes perceived as a sign of interest. 4. 4. Working with different cultures To move on, I think that it is always difficult to work with people from different ultras, especially if you do not know them well. First of all, Japan is a neutral and collectivist culture with high Power-Distance and therefore it may cause some significant problems for Poles to work effectively with Japanese. Personally, I find silence very frustrating and often feel ignored by Japanese people. Apart from that, I expect people to present and exchange ideas, however Japanese cultures tend to listen and do not interact with others. Moreover, France is a specific culture in contrast to Poland, more collectivist and achievable which may also bring about some difficulties in cooperation .

Free Essays on C Programming In Steps

1. Introduction. C is a computer language available on the GCOS and UNIX operating systems at Murray Hill and (in preliminary form) on OS/360 at Holmdel. C lets you write your programs clearly and simply it has decent control flow facilities so your code can be read straight down the page, without labels or GOTO's; it lets you write code that is compact without being too cryptic; it encourages modularity and good program organization; and it provides good data-structuring facilities. This memorandum is a tutorial to make learning C as painless as possible. The first part concentrates on the central features of C; the second part discusses those parts of the language which are useful (usually for getting more efficient and smaller code) but which are not necessary for the new user. This is not a reference manual. Details and special cases will be skipped ruthlessly, and no attempt will be made to cover every language feature. The order of presentation is hopefully pedagogical instead of logical. Users who would like the full story should consult the "C Reference Manual" by D. M. Ritchie [1], which should be read for details anyway. Runtime support is described in [2] and [3]; you will have to read one of these to learn how to compile and run a C program. We will assume that you are familiar with the mysteries of creating files, text editing, and the like in the operating system you run on, and that you have programmed in some language before. 2. A Simple C Program main( ) { printf("hello, world"); } A C program consists of one or more functions, which are similar to the functions and subroutines of a Fortran program or the procedures of PL/I, and perhaps some external data definitions. main is such a function, and in fact all C programs must have a main. Execution of the program begins at the first statement of main. main will usually invoke other functions to perform its jo... Free Essays on C Programming In Steps Free Essays on C Programming In Steps 1. Introduction. C is a computer language available on the GCOS and UNIX operating systems at Murray Hill and (in preliminary form) on OS/360 at Holmdel. C lets you write your programs clearly and simply it has decent control flow facilities so your code can be read straight down the page, without labels or GOTO's; it lets you write code that is compact without being too cryptic; it encourages modularity and good program organization; and it provides good data-structuring facilities. This memorandum is a tutorial to make learning C as painless as possible. The first part concentrates on the central features of C; the second part discusses those parts of the language which are useful (usually for getting more efficient and smaller code) but which are not necessary for the new user. This is not a reference manual. Details and special cases will be skipped ruthlessly, and no attempt will be made to cover every language feature. The order of presentation is hopefully pedagogical instead of logical. Users who would like the full story should consult the "C Reference Manual" by D. M. Ritchie [1], which should be read for details anyway. Runtime support is described in [2] and [3]; you will have to read one of these to learn how to compile and run a C program. We will assume that you are familiar with the mysteries of creating files, text editing, and the like in the operating system you run on, and that you have programmed in some language before. 2. A Simple C Program main( ) { printf("hello, world"); } A C program consists of one or more functions, which are similar to the functions and subroutines of a Fortran program or the procedures of PL/I, and perhaps some external data definitions. main is such a function, and in fact all C programs must have a main. Execution of the program begins at the first statement of main. main will usually invoke other functions to perform its jo...

Evaluating Human Resource Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evaluating Human Resource Managment - Essay Example orms of flexibility exist (technology, organizations and systems) which are also important factors to bear in mind when considering the flexible workforce. Since the early 1980s, research by John Atkinson and others (Atkinson 1984: Atkinson and Meager, 1986 etc) suggests that firms are increasingly seeking and achieving greater flexibility from their workforce. Four forms of flexibility were identified, which have been packaged together to develop a flexible firm model: Numerical means the emergence of new forms of contract based on limited employment periods such as temporary contracting, part-time contracts, and zero hour contracts etc. This allows the firm to move people in and out rapidly and respond to changing market demands. Numerical Flexibility involves changing the quantity of employee input. Quantitative changes include: Hiring numbers of employees Specified hours of work Organization uses part-time employees Organization uses temporary employees, whose contracts can be terminated, using liberal provisions on hiring and dismissals. The extent of numerical flexibility is a function of the severity of certain restrictions. Numerical Flexibility is typically constrained by rights to protection against unfair treatment, Numerical flexibility constrained by rights to redundancy benefits, and by restrictions on freedom to restructure through requirements to consult, negotiate, or gain legal approval Functional means the emergence of teamwork and the broadening of established job boundaries and skill definitions. Flexible organization of the workplace involves high skills and a collaborative approach to work. Its features are: Broadening job design and job boundaries: Willingness among employees to adopt new working practices such as team working and... This paper approves that people whose work is highly specialized, repetitive and routine may become dissatisfied with their job. This dissatisfaction often shows itself by reduced output, increased absenteeism and high staff turnover. This very quickly reduces effectiveness of a work area, and influences the effectiveness of the whole organization. A number of approaches have been developed to try to overcome this problem. Among these are job enlargement, job enrichment, job rotation, and semi-autonomous work groups. This essay makes a conclusion that the differences or variances in job flexible is relative to the working environment and human motivation. It is then recommended that managers should be aware that distinct attributes and factors may influence the level of job satisfaction among different occupations within business organizations. The combined effects of all the variables for the aggregate population and by occupation clearly demonstrate that achieving job satisfaction and organizational goal is possible through flexible workforce. Additional researches with participants in other environmental settings and conditions are essential. The manner of implementation of Flexibility in workforce significantly affects employee’s views and beliefs as well as the manner in which they exercise or do their responsibilities. But definitely, Flexile workforce plays an important role in the success, efficiency and soundness of Human Resource management of an organization.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

Reading response - Essay Example A Thousand Plateaus is the main writing from which pleasures of philosophy are found where the main article is molded in terms of the different settings where a reader can read any article or plateau. There is no systematic order of the reading to come up with a clear meaning, although the plateaus do not give the final words (Massumi, 17). A plateau can be defined as an orchestration of crushing bricks extracted from a variety of disciplinary edifices where it carry’s traces of its former emplacement which gives it a spin defining the arc of its vector (Massumi, 19). This shows the dependence and interdependency of the plateaus that makes the notes seem like repetition, whereas they are also melodic in nature, where one only reads what he wants to read or what is interesting to him. This notion is what Brian termed, as the pleasures of philosophy since he noted that philosophy is complex and when it is not understood, it is boring thus, the different nature of the plateaus ensures each reader is able to at least understand and embrace one of the plateaus. The different plateaus that have a common spin portray the unity even in the real nature where people have different understanding and embrace different things, although their objectives may be similar (Massumi, 27). Pleasures of Philosophy being a plateau within A Thousand Plateaus talks more about ticks, quilts, fuzzy subsets, neurology and political economy. This unrelated subject makes it difficult to understand as the plateau is dedicated to music and animal behavior. It uses a difficult technical expression retrieved from different disciplines used in the humanities, mathematics, and the sciences, but whose authors recommend that you read it as you would listen to a record. This complexity ensures that each reader is able to come up with a sovereign judgment of the issues discussed in the plateau. The exercise to ensure one is able to give a good judgment is essential, even in the

Theatre Critique It's Only a Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theatre Critique It's Only a Play - Essay Example The comedy play was a celebration of the art and actors performed with lot of conviction. The play was a cascade of jokes and made the audience happy from the beginning to the end, which is a sign of victory. 2.The performer â€Å"Kate Herell who acted as virginia† seems to not have delivered her lines completely at times so did not come up to the mark. The performance of â€Å"Craig as Ira† was well defined and the gestures were perfect indeed.He came up to the mark and left a remarkable impression on the audience. â€Å"Emma† was a star that performed utterly well and carried the play with ample spirit .She showed her full potential to the audience and was the shooting star of the play. Christopher who enacted â€Å"Peter† was looked slightly uncomfortable in his character and required more attentiveness and dedication from his side to make his character look wholesome and rich. Nick Dickert was distinct in his acting and did full justice to his characte r as â€Å"James† but his voice was trembling at certain points. 3. The performers who were disliked were Kate Herell, Christopher Lynch and Ryan Flint.Kate Was not impressive as she was not consistent with her dialogues. There was less of life in her voice and could not enter well in to the character of â€Å"Virginia† which she was potrayed.Whereas, Christopher Lynch was not feeling fully the character of â€Å" Peter† and some how looked less lively and vibrant. It is very essential for an actor to get in to the shoes of the character to bring about full life in to the play. On the other side Ryan Flint had a less powerful voice which made his character of â€Å"Frank† dull. Dialogues are an essential part of a play, so if it is not balanced with the acting skill can bring in chaos and incompleteness to the character as well as the play. 4. The play all in all was an average performance and did not fail to amaze the audience. But it was unfortunate to notice some actors not supporting others and making it a t time’s poor performance. In some areas â€Å"Christopher Lynch† was not interacting well with â€Å"Kate Herell† and was in a hurry to completer his part of the dialogue. And also Kate seems to rush through some parts showing that she had forgotten certain lines. Noah Mittman, at other times is displaying to be very overpowering, thus making all actors less confident and assertive. It is not good for one actor to stand out in a play because a good play is where all characters blend with each other to produce a smooth and sound theatrical show. Craig Ewing in some of the scenes was attempting to be the one man of the show by giving dialogues loud. DIRECTING 5. The unified idea of the director behind this play is to create a play which is a complete comedy in nature and which will keep the audience laugh all the while they are wathcing.The entire cast of the show was also doing the same by being extremely joyous and filled with humor sense. The director made a striking visual image with the cab driver who was played by Emma as she was costumed distinctly and apart from other actors of the play. Even Julia and Virginia played by â€Å"Ilasiea Gray†and Kate Herell respectively were dressed glamorously and colorfully which was a visual treat. The lighting of the play was striking and bright which added to the whole theme of the play. SCENERY 6. The whole background of the play was the room where all the characters were waiting for the review of their acting. The room had light colored wall and a

Soft Drinks in Rural Market in India Essay Example for Free

Soft Drinks in Rural Market in India Essay In India, the Coca-Cola and Pepsi soft drink brands suffered a setback in August of last year due to a product contamination scare. Both have cut profit margins to the bone in order to fend off competition from low-priced local fruit drinks. Indian consumers are accustomed to drinking a variety of locally-produced soft drinks that are sold in small stands throughout the country. Rural India is still a highly price-sensitive marketplace, so the major soft drink companies are forced to cut profit margins in order to compete there. Indias purchasing power parity per capita of US$2,850 is representative of a nation in which the average consumer has insufficient income to engage in discretionary spending. Nevertheless, during the hot season, spur-of-the-moment beverage sales are commonplace. In order to position themselves for sales growth, the major soft drink companies priced a 200-milliliter bottle at the equivalent of 11 U.S. cents. Although that price is not sustainable beyond the short term, management hopes that it will be enough to wrest market share away from local products and substantially increase sales volume in 2004. Beverage companies cannot afford to ignore Indias rural consumers if they wish to expand market share. According to data release by the PRB, only 28 percent of Indias population lived in urban areas in 2003. On average, rural consumers have a lower income level than their urban counterparts and demand lower-cost beverage options. In order to remain cost competitive, soft drink companies have to contain the transportation costs involved in expanding their distribution network into widespread towns and villages. Faced with high fuel and vehicle costs, companies are turning to less expensive means of transportation including ox carts and rickshaws. Another challenge facing the major soft drink companies is regaining consumer confidence in the aftermath of a well- publicized scandal over the presence of pesticides in some soft-drink products. A major publicity campaign aimed at regaining consumer confidence seems to be working, but bottlers need to avoid any more issues that would throw product safety into doubt. Recovering and maintaining an image of quality will be a key weapon in the struggle to take market share away from locally produced fruit beverages. Indian consumers are ready to opt for soft drinks, but not at a premium price.